836 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XLI. No. 1066 



from the astronomical standpoint by Frank ScUes- 

 inger, Ph.D., director of Allegheny Observatory, 

 Pittsburgh; from the geological standpoint by T. 

 C. Chamberlin, Ph.D., LL.D., head of department 

 of geology. University of Chicago; from the seis- 

 mological standpoint by Harry Fielding Eeid, 

 Ph.D., professor of dynamical geology and geog- 

 raphy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; from 

 the geophysical standpoint by John F. Hayford, 

 director of college of engineering. Northwestern 

 University, Evanston, 111. 



Fifteen new members were elected, the names of 

 whom have been given in Science, Vol. XLI., page 

 640. The usual practise of electing foreign mem- 

 bers was omitted this year. 



The portrait of Dr. Edgar F. Smith, provost of 

 the university and former president of the society, 

 was presented by a donor whose name was with- 

 held. The address of presentation was made by 

 Vice-provost J. H. Penniman. 



The meeting closed with a dinner at the Bellevue- 

 Stratford, attended by about one hundred members 

 a-nd guests. The toasts were responded to as fol- 

 lows: 



' ' The Memory of Franklin, ' ' by Hon. Simeon E. 

 Baldwin. 



"Our Universities," by Professor Harry Field- 

 ing Eeid. 



"Our Sister Societies," by Professor Ernest W. 

 Brown. 



"The American Philosophical Society," by 

 Professor Marion D. Learned. 



The following papers were presented during the 

 various sessions of the society: 

 Devices for Facilitating the Analysis of Observa- 

 tions — More Particularly those of the Tides: 



Ernest W. Brown. 

 On Linear Integral Equations in General Analysis: 



Eliakim H. Moore. 



The paper opens with a -brief account of the au- 

 thor's general theory of linear integral equations, 

 a theory embracing by specialization the regular 

 cases of various classical instances, and in closing 

 it indicates a new general theory intended to em- 

 brace the most important irregular eases of the 

 classical instances. 



A Direct Solution of Fredholm's Equation with 



Analytic Kernel: Peeston A. Lambert. 

 The Existence of a Sul-electron? Robert A. Milli- 



KAN. 



The WorTc in Atmospheric Electricity aboard the 

 "Carnegie" : L. A. Bauer and W. F. G. 



SWANN. 



Local Disturbances in a Magnetic Field: Francis 



E. NiPHEE. 



Explorations over the Surface of Telephonic Dia- 

 phragms Virbrating under Simple Impressed 

 Sounds: A. E. Kennellt and H. O. Taylor. 

 The Sail and Corbino Effects: Edwin Plimpton 

 Adams. 



The Hall effect is the production of a trans- 

 verse difference of potential in a conducting sheet 

 when an electric current flows through it and it is 

 placed in a magnetic field perpendicular to its 

 plane. The Corbino effect is the production of a 

 circular current in a conducting disk when a radial 

 current flows through it and it is placed in a mag- 

 netic field perpendicular to its plane. This paper 

 describes experiments that have been made to 

 study the latter effect and to show its essential re- 

 lation to the Hall effect. The symmetry of the ex- 

 periment arranged for measuring the Corbino ef- 

 fect, as well as the fact that the measurement of 

 the Hall effect requires very thin sheets, gives to 

 the Corbino effect an important position among 

 the galvanomagnetic effects. 



Spontaneous Generation of Seat in Recently 

 Hardened Steel: Charles Francis Brush. 

 The writer shows that the specimens of carbon 

 tool steel and tungsten "high speed" steel ex- 

 amined by him spontaneously generated a very 

 considerable amount of heat at room temperature 

 after being water-hardened at cherry-red or white 

 heat; that the development of heat at steadily di- 

 minishing rate was observable more than a month, 

 and was accompanied by shrinkage in volume of 

 the steel. Progress of heat generation and of 

 shrinking is shown in curves. But that shrinking 

 is only incident to, and is not the prime cause of 

 the generation of heat is evidenced by the fact 

 that the internal work represented by the heat gen- 

 erated is hundreds of times greater than necessary 

 to produce the observed change in volume. 



The writer further shows that in the process of 

 hardening, the steels increased at least a half per 

 cent, in volume, evidenced by specific gravity tests 

 of half -inch bars and linear measurements of long 

 thin rods; that when afterward tempered to light- 

 blue color much shrinkage took place at once, fol- 

 lowed by more shrinkage when tempered to light- 

 blue color, and another large shrinkage when an- 

 nealed. 



The writer regards the hardened steel as being 

 in a condition of very great molecular strain some- 

 what unstable at first. Spontaneous relief of a 

 small portion of the strain causes the generation of 

 heat observed until stability at room temperature 



