March 13, 1914] 



SCIENCE 



385 



already demonstrated to us fundamental 

 results by means as strikingly simple. To 

 Loeb the problem of the universe is soluble 

 in a finger-bowl; to Morgan in a milk- jar; 

 and we must never forget that the impor- 

 tance of a result is often inversely propor- 

 tional to the complication of the apparatus 

 by which it was attained. With these ex- 

 amples before us, let us avoid the pitfall 

 of bright glass and shining metal. 



I have entitled this paper "Bsperimen- 

 talism in Zoology" and I have nowhere 

 used the term experimental zoology. This 

 has been intentional, for I do not believe in 

 this term. The new movement does not 

 mean a new province in zoology ; it is a new 

 method of attacking old problems. It will, 

 of course, lead us to new fields, but it is 

 method rather than matter. We are not 

 exchanging old lamps for new but burning 

 the old lamp in a new way. I therefore 

 resist the term experimental zoology. We 

 are all still zoologists and we have simply 

 added to our equipment the experimental 

 method. As each one, old or young, re- 

 alizes the significance of this method and 

 the great power that it puts in his hand, he 

 will adopt it in proportion to his needs and 

 abilities. In this way it is gradually per- 

 vading the whole fabric of biology from the 

 realm of the systematist to that of the ultra- 

 modernist. Our times are full of such 

 changes. To-day we men vote, to-morrow 

 our women will vote. Let all such changes 

 come as natural growths. 



G. H. Parker 



Hakvaed TJniversitt 



THE PBODUCTWN OF SADIVM, VBANIUM 

 AND VANADIUM OBES IN 1913 



Probably no other mineral is mined which 

 has so large a hold on public attention and at 

 the same time has so small a total monetary 

 value as the uranium minerals. This interest 

 is, of course, due not to the minerals as such, 



nor to the uranium they contain, but to the 

 accompanying radium, which is found only 

 with uranium. Hitherto the interest in ra- 

 dium, though lively, has been largely aca- 

 demic, oa account of the marvelous qualities 

 which it displays when compared with better- 

 known elements. Toward the end of 1913, 

 however, public interest became almost fever- 

 ish, owing to the apparent cures of cancer 

 wrought by the application of the gamma rays 

 given ofE by radium. 



Uranium minerals were produced in com- 

 mercial quantity in the United States in 1913, 

 as shown by preliminary statistics gathered 

 by Frank L. Hess, of the United States Geo- 

 logical Survey, only in Colorado and Utah, 

 and although during the year some pitch- 

 blende was mined in Colorado in the Belcher 

 & Calhoun mines, only a few pounds were sold, 

 though 50 dry tons of low-grade material 

 carrying 1.49 per cent, uranium oxide (UjOj)' 

 was shipped to France from the Kirk mine. 

 This had been mined a previoiis year. Car- 

 notite, a yellow powdery or waxy mineral 

 found in the sandstones of the high plateau 

 between the Rocky Mountains of Colorado 

 and the San Rafael Swell of Utah, south' of 

 the Book Cliffs, furnished the whole produc- 

 tion. 



Carnotite, as the word is ordinarily used, is 

 a potash or lime uranium vanadate. Several 

 vanadium minerals occur with the carnotite, 

 so that in mining for uranium a great deal of 

 vanadium is also obtained. At Newmire, San 

 Miguel county, Colo., one of the vanadium 

 minerals, roscoelite, occurs practically free 

 from uranium and is worked for vanadium 

 alone. 



The total mine shipments of uranium and 

 vanadium, as shown by preliminary figures, 

 were equal to 2,140 tons of dry ore, carrying 

 an equivalent of 38 tons of uranium oxide. 

 The vanadium in carnotite ores shipped, to- 

 gether with that which is estimated to ' have 

 been produced from the Newmire district, was 

 equivalent to 914 tons of vanadium oxide. 

 These quantities are equal to about 32:3 tons 

 of metallic uranium and 412 tons of metallic 

 vanadium. 



