Apeil 10, 1914] 



SCIENCE 



541 



to interest the student of precious stones and 

 of mind. 



Oliver C. Farrington 



The Anarchist Ideal and Other Essays. By 



E. M. Wenley. 



This contribution of Professor Wenley's 

 must be accepted as it is offered, as a record 

 of varied interests. The topics considered, 

 ■which in part appeal to the man of science, 

 are various. The essay vphich gives the name 

 to the volume is entirely retrospective in its 

 view and supplies a parallel in Greek life for 

 the independence of thought and the revolt 

 from established conventions, of which theo- 

 retical position the anarchist is a practical and 

 an extreme expression; it is a study of the 

 intellectual sources of the anarchist position. 

 Its value consists in broadening the historical 

 aspect of movements which in their modern 

 setting are overshadowed by local situations. 

 Similarly retrospective is the essay upon 

 "Plutarch and His Age." The central posi- 

 tion in the volume is given to a review of the 

 early movement towards physiological psychol- 

 ogy. This is an able presentation of the 

 philosophical positions which preceded and 

 guided the formation of psychology as a 

 scientific pursuit. The complex origins are 

 traceable primarily to German philosophers as 

 well as to such men as Weber, Fechner, Lotze, 

 Helmholtz and Wundt, whose philosophical 

 interest was joined to their more rigidly scien- 

 tific investigations. It is Professor Wenley's 

 purpose to supply not a narrative of the con- 

 tributions of these men, but rather an inter- 

 pretation of the intellectual movement which 

 guided them towards the consummation to 

 which they severally but differently contrib- 

 uted. On the whole the two educational 

 essays, the one on " Heredity and Education " 

 and the other on the " University in the 

 United States," give ampler opportunity for 

 Professor Wenley's individuality of thought 

 and for the display of the temper of his 

 opinions. By long residence a member of 

 the professorial guild in this country, yet by 

 training and tradition equally at home in the 

 intellectual perspective of English and Scot- 



tish universities, he is in a peculiarly favorable 

 position to perform the functions of compara- 

 tive criticism which he judiciously exercises. 

 Considerate alike of the inevitable short- 

 comings of educational provisions in the 

 pioneering stage and of the success which has 

 attended them, he retains the fundamental 

 critical attitude in view of old-world stand- 

 ards; he retains also the rare gift of seeing 

 things as they are, despite the enveloping fog 

 which optimism so commonly breeds. The 

 chief note of his complaint is the neglect of 

 individuality and the lack of professional 

 opportunity within academic life for the man 

 of parts, whose development do6s not con- 

 form to the conventional channels of prefer- 

 ment. In a like sympathetic spirit he attempts 

 to portray for English readers some of the 

 peculiar problems which beset American uni- 

 versities, and does so with remarkable suc- 

 cess. From beginning to end the volume is 

 characterized by a directness of statement and 

 an insight into relations which gives the whole 

 a higher value than the seemingly casual 

 treatment suggests. 



Joseph Jastrow 



THE PSTLOGENETIC BELATIONSHIPS OF 

 THE OTSTEES 



Dr. Jaworski, of Bonn, has given in the 

 " Zeitsehrif t f iir Induktive Abstammungs- und 

 Vererbungslehre " an interesting discussion 

 of the phylogenetic relationships of the oys- 

 ters. The material upon which he bases his 

 new Ostrea genealogy was collected in the 

 middle Jurassic (Dogger) of northern Peru. 



Jaworski's theory is based on the discovery of 

 a new ostreid in the Peruvian Jurassic of con- 

 siderable dimensions — approximately those of 

 a large Ostrea virginica, though much more 

 massive — characterized by (1) incurved and 

 strongly gyrate umbones (those of Ostrea sensu 

 stricto are approximately straight) ; (2) by a 

 broad and greatly elevated hinge area (that of 

 Ostrea is moderately low, and either broad or 

 narrow); (3) by a ligament partly internal 

 and partly external, located in large measure 

 behind the beaks and produced beyond the 

 hinge area proper (that of Ostrea is wholly 



