Apeil 24, 1914] 



SCIENCE 



623 



migration to this country from 1821 to 1900 be- 

 ing, officially, 3,871,253. From 1821 to 1850 the 

 Irish constituted nearly one half of all our immi- 

 grants. Previous to the Revolution the ' ' Scotch- 

 Irish" immigration was so great than in an offi- 

 cial Parliamentary inquiry in 1778 it was as- 

 serted that nearly one half of the American Revo- 

 lutionary Army was of Irish origin. Since 1870 

 the number of Irish-born in the United States has 

 steadily decreased, by death and dwindling immi- 

 gration. According to the census of 1910 there 

 are now in the United States of Irish birth or 

 parentage, 4,504,360. This does not include any 

 of the 811,000 non-French Canadians in the 

 United States, of whom a large proportion are of 

 Irish blood, or any of the 876,000 coming from 

 Bngland, of whom also a large number are of 

 Irish origin. Neither does it include any of the 

 1,177,000 American born "of mixed foreign pa- 

 rentage, ' ' including such parentage combinations 

 as Irish and Germans, which alone probably runs 

 above fifty thousand. Among the states, New 

 York stands first with 1,091,000 of Irish birth or 

 parentage; Massachusetts second, with 633,000, 

 and Pennsylvania third, with 570,000. For all 

 these figures it may be asserted that more than 

 four fifths are of Gaelic stock. 



By the latest British census, 1911, the popula- 

 tion of Ireland was 4,390,219, of whom all but 

 157,037 were native born. Of the native born 

 about 74 per cent, or 3,245,000 represent the old 

 Gaelic stock. By the same census there were 375,- 

 325 persons of Irish birth then living in England 

 and Wales, while an unofficial estimate puts those 

 in Scotland at about 220,000 or nearly 600,000 for 

 the whole island, which with the children of Irish 

 parentage would probably total at least 1,500,000. 

 The same census gives 139,434 Irish born to Aus- 

 tralia, or perhaps 350,000 of Irish blood. South 

 Africa and the other British colonies, exclusive of 

 Canada, have (estimated) 100,000 of the same 

 stock, while Canada has in round numbers 990,000 

 of Irish birth or parentage, of whom about 750,000 

 are of Gaelic origin, as indicated by religious de- 

 nomination. Outside the countries already 

 named, Argentina has some 15,000 Irish born and 

 the rest of Latin America possibly as many more, 

 with perhaps another 15,000 or 20,000 scattered 

 over the rest of the world. To sum up, the total 

 Irish-born population throughout the world is now 

 about 6,875,000, or about 1,625,000 less than the 

 population of the home country alone in 1845, 

 while the whole number of unmixed Irish blood 

 may be about seventeen million, of whom nearly 

 fifteen million are of Gaelic stock. The total 



Gaelic population — Irish, Scotch and Manx — of 

 fairly pure stock and racial identity, in every part 

 of the world, probably numbers close to twenty 

 million. 



At a special meeting of the society held on Jan- 

 uary 6, at the National Museum, Dr. Truman 

 Michelson, of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 

 delivered an address, ' ' Notes on the Pox Indians 

 of Iowa. ' ' Their own native name is Meskwa'ki'Ag', 

 "Red-Earths"; the French name, les Benards, is 

 derived from the appellation of a single gens, 

 Wago'Ag', "Foxes"; the English name "Foxes" 

 is a translation of the French les Benards; the 

 term "Outagamies" (and variants) is derived 

 from the Ojibwa UtAgamig, "they of the other 

 shore. ' ' Their closest linguistic relations are first 

 with the Sauk, then the Kickapoo, then the Shaw- 

 nee, and then the so-called Abnaki tribes. They 

 are also comparatively close to the Menominee and 

 Cree as compared with the Ojibwa, Otawa and 

 Potawatomi. The thesis that the Foxes were once 

 an Iroquoian people and subsequently took up an 

 Algonquian dialect can not be substantiated. 

 There is presumptive evidence that the Foxes 

 were once in the lower Michigan peninsula. How- 

 ever their proper history begins in the last half of 

 the seventeenth century in Wisconsin on the Wolf 

 and Fox rivers. After the famous Black Hawk 

 war, the Sauks and Foxes sold their remaining 

 lands in Iowa and agreed to remove to Kansas. 

 Nevertheless small bands of the Foxes returned 

 continually to Iowa. In 1856 the Iowa legislature 

 passed a bill enabling the Foxes to settle in that 

 state. Accordingly they purchased land with their 

 own money, near Tama, Iowa. From time to time 

 this has been added to till they now own about 

 3,000 acres. The main body of the Foxes did not 

 leave Kansas till the outbreak of the Civil War. 

 In 1896 the state of Iowa relinquished jurisdiction 

 of the Foxes to the federal government, and at the 

 same time certain claims of the Foxes against the 

 Sauks were adjusted. There are some Foxes en- 

 rolled with the Sauks of Kansas and Oklahoma; 

 the present population of those in Iowa is about 

 356. 



At the 471st meeting of the society, held Jan- 

 uary 20, 1914, at the National Museum, Mr. Wil- 

 liam H. Babcock spoke on "The North Atlantic 

 Island of Brazil," illustrating his address with 

 lantern slides of early maps. Attention was 

 called to three Brazils, that of South America, the 

 Mount Brazil in Terceira and that of the western 

 Ireland peasantry who still believe in a great land 

 called Brazil or Breasail west of them in the 



