AUGUST 25, 1899. ] 
seems to have been the course of the Tolte- 
can type. > 
This is not theorizing upon the same 
facts from which Morton drew the conclu- 
sion that all these types were really one 
and the same. Since Morton’s time we 
have had large collections of crania for 
study, and the crania have been correlated 
with other parts of the skeleton and with 
the arts and institutions of the various 
peoples. 
Although these relations have been dif- 
ferently interpreted by many anthropolo- 
gists who have treated the subject, yet to 
' me they seem to indicate that the American 
continent has been peopled at different 
times and from various sources; that in the 
great lapse of time since the different im- 
migrants reached the continent there has 
been in many places an admixture of the 
several stocks and a modification of the arts 
and customs of all; while natural envi- 
ronment has had a great influence upon 
the ethnic development of each group. 
Furthermore, contact of one group with 
another has done much to unify certain 
customs; while ‘survivals’ have played 
an active part in the adoption and per- 
petuation of arts and customs not native to 
the people by whom they are preserved. 
The Inca civilization, a forcible one com- 
ing from the north, encroached upon that 
of the earlier people of the vicinity of Lake 
Titicaca, whose arts and customs were, to a 
considerable extent, adopted by the in- 
vaders. It is of interest here to note the 
resemblance of the older Andean art with 
that of the early Mediterranean, to which 
it seemingly has a closer resemblance than 
to any art on the American continent. Can 
it be that we have here an esthetic sur- 
vival among this early people, and could 
they have come across the Atlantic from 
that Eurafric region which has been the 
birth-place of many nations? Or is this 
simply one of those psychical coincidences, 
SCIENCE. 
bo 
31 
as some writers would have us believe ! 
The customs and beliefs of the Incas point 
to a northern origin and have so many 
resemblances to those of the ancient Mexi- 
cans as hardly to admit of a doubt that in 
early times there was a close relation be- 
tween these two widely separated centers 
of ancient American culture. But how 
did that pre-Inca people reach the lake 
region? Isitnot probable that some phase 
of this ancient culture may have reached 
the Andes from northern Africa? Let us 
consider this question in relation to the 
islands of the Atlantic. The Canary Islands, 
as well as the West Indies, had long been 
peopled when first known to history; the 
Caribs were on the northern coast of South 
America, as well as on the islands; and in 
the time of Columbus native trading boats 
came from Yucatan to Cuba. We thus 
have evidence of the early navigation of 
both sides of the Atlantic, and certainly 
the ocean between could easily have been 
crossed. 
One of the most interesting as well as 
most puzzling of the many phases of Ameri- 
can archeology is the remarkable develop- 
ment of the art of the brachycephalic 
peoples, extending from northern Mexico 
northeastward to the Mississippi and Ohio 
valleys, then disappearing gradually as we 
approach the Alleghenies and, farther 
south, the Atlantic coast, also spreading 
southward from Mexico to Honduras, 
and changing and vanishing in South 
America. Unquestionably of very great 
antiquity, this art, developed in the neo- 
lithic period of culture, reached to the age 
of metals, and had already begun to decline 
at the time of the Spanish conquest. How 
this remarkable development came to exist 
amid its different environments we cannot 
yet fully understand; but the question 
arises: Wasitof autochthonous origin and 
due to a particular period in man’s develop- 
ment, or was it a previously existing phase 
