SEPTEMBER 8, 1899. ] 
is already known to make one sure that the 
field is worth working and that the harvest 
is certain. Almost as much might be said 
for some of the other domestic animals. 
And why should not some of this splendid 
work be done in America? This was the 
original home of the horse, of representatives 
of all the groups of domesticated animals, 
and every summer brings from its bound- 
less treasures ever new and more marvel- 
ous forms. I believe that the time will 
come—indeed, that it is at hand—when zoo- 
logical science, yes all science in America, 
will go forward with the giant strides 
which have already characterized her in- 
ventive and industrial history. 
So far this address has been practically 
limited to the higher vertebrates, but I 
would not remain wholly silent upon the 
great phyla of invertebrates. The honey- 
bee and the silkworm should not be passed 
by without a word. ‘Their history, like 
that of most of the domestic animals, is 
shrouded in darkness, but they are still 
with us, calling forth from each gen- 
eration renewed interest and admira- 
tion. They, too, offer problems for the 
biologist, and deserve his attention. For 
example, take that great question of ap- 
parent voluntary parthenogenesis with the 
bees. What is the mechanism by which 
fertilized eggs become queens or workers 
and unfertilized eggs become only drones ? 
Is this very general belief really true? If 
true what are the differences in the course 
of development in the eggs in the two cases ? 
Then in Physiology what a multitude of 
problems the bees propound? Why will a 
special form of food cause an egg to develop 
into a queen instead of a worker? How 
can the workers change honey into beeswax ? 
How can a mere blind pouch serve the pur- 
poses of digestion and excretion in the larva? 
For answering all these questions and many 
others the honey-bee is admirably adapted. 
One can keep the swarm constantly under 
SCIENCE, SL 
his eye, and he can control, so far as neces- 
sary, the actions of the bees; there is abun- 
dance of material which may be had at all 
stages of development. Indeed, with the 
hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions, of 
insect species yet to discover and describe, 
and all these questions of structure, func- 
tion, embryology, transformation, histolysis 
and redevelopment to answer, it looks as if 
the entomologist would not be compelled to 
sit down and sigh for new worlds to con- 
quer for some time yet. Andif I may be 
allowed to carry over my convictions from 
the vertebrates to the invertebrates, I 
believe that zoology would be far more ad- 
vanced if a million or two species of insects 
were left undescribed and the enthusiasm 
and devotion of the entomologists—and no 
class of zoologists are more enthusiastic 
and devoted—were directed toward the 
elucidation of the entire life cycles of a few 
typical forms, and the structure, function 
and embryology of these were worked out 
as completely as modern knowledge and 
method would allow. Then there would 
be some standards of comparison to facili- 
tate the work on the infinite number of 
forms still uninvestigated. From the mon- 
graphs on the embryology and morphology 
of insects which have appeared during the 
last few years one cannot help feeling that 
this fascinating field will soon claim a mul- 
titude of students, and that none need go 
away empty-handed. 
In Preventive Medicine and Hygiene the 
domestic animals have, as in so many other 
fields, served as the basis for study and in- 
vestigation. To appreciate their impor- 
tance one has but to recall the fact that at 
the close of the last century Jenner’s ap- 
plication of cowpox as a protection against 
smallpox has led to an almost complete 
expulsion of this once dreaded scourge 
from civilized lands. Or to refer to the 
memorable investigations of Pasteur begun 
in 1866 for the amelioration of the condi- 
