312 SCIENCE. 
tion of the silk industry of France. He saw 
and pointed out, with the greatest clearness, 
the importance of cleanliness, fresh air and 
good food for the avoidance of degeneration 
and disease in the silkworms. Are not 
fresh air, cleanliness and good food the 
very foundation stones of hygiene for all 
animal forms? In the silkworms, also, 
Pasteur found causes for disease in the 
microscopic organisms which infested their 
bodies, and in some cases at least this 
cause appeared to pass from one generation 
to the next through the eggs. What this 
study of Pasteur upon the diseases of silk- 
worms, upon anthrax in the domestic mam- 
mals upon fermentation, did for surgery is 
thus expressed by Lister, the recognized 
father of antiseptic surgery, at the jubilee 
celebration of Pasteur: ‘“ Truly there does 
not exist in the entire world any individual 
to whom the medical sciences owe more 
than. they do to you. Your researches on 
fermentation have thrown a powerful beam 
which has lighted the baleful darkness of 
surgery, and has transformed the treatment 
of wounds from a matter of uncertain and 
too often disastrous empiricism into a 
scientific art of sure beneficence. Thanks 
to you, surgery has undergone a complete 
revolution, which has deprived it of its ter- 
rors and has extended, almost without 
limit, its efficacious power.” 
In our own and in other countries sine 
untold loss has come from ‘Texas Cattle 
Fever?’ The working-out of the biological 
relations of that disease, it seems to me, is 
one of the most brilliant pieces of scientific 
investigation which has illuminated this 
truly luminous end of the 19th century. 
With all the knowledge accumulated since 
Pasteur’s investigations on the silkworm 
diseases to serve as guides and to give sug- 
gestions, it took one of the foremost pathol- 
ogists which our country has produced 
(Dr. Theobald Smith) three years to bring 
the investigation to ademonstration. And 
[N. S.. Vou. X. No. 245. 
little wonder ! For instead of the previously 
known simple relations of microbes to dis- 
ease, the way was round about and in- 
volved two generations of animals and two 
species. Furthermore, the germ of the 
disease was not a bacterium or fungus, 
easy to cultivate on artificial media, but 
one of the sporozoa for which no artificial 
culture medium has yet been devised. The 
story is briefly as follows: Cattle ticks (Bo- 
ophilis bovis) suck the blood of animals in 
which the Texas-fever germ is present. The 
germs enter the eggs of the ticks and thus in- 
fect the next generation. This new genera- 
tion of ticks attach themselves to other cattle 
and introduce into their blood the disease 
germs which are carried over from a pre- 
vious generation. And so the mutual infec- 
tion goes on in a vicious cirele from genera- 
tion to generation. The direct human in- 
terest, outside the economic one, which this 
investigation has is the suggestion and the 
accumulating proof that malaria in man is 
transmitted in practically the same manner 
by mosquitoes. Truly the living hypoder- 
mic syringes are to be feared as well as 
execrated. 
Thus hardly a triumph in medicine has 
been won without substantial aid from the 
domestic animals, and it is believed by the 
acutest minds engaged in the great work of 
ameliorating the sorrows of the world 
caused by preventable disease and prema- 
ture death that we are now only on the 
threshold of discovery. Is not the fact 
that the discoveries in medicine and hy- 
giene in the past have been so dependent 
upon the domestic animals sufficient guar- 
antee that future discovery will be likewise 
dependent upon them; and as human be- 
ings are so closely linked with the domestic 
animals in economics, in hygiene and in 
promised avoidance of disease, is there not 
abundant reason why the veterinary pro- 
fession should be elevated and become a 
true unit in university life, a close colleague 
