444 
which almost control the markets, furnish 
better goods, edible compounds with less 
adulteration than formerly ; and that retail 
buyers are less honest than retail sellers. On 
the other hand there were losses incident to 
the growth of the present system. 1. Men 
lack self-reliance and initiative. There are 
lessening opportunities for independent en- 
terprise. While we learn to cooperate we 
lose the power to set ourselves to work. 2. 
The lowering of moral standards through 
an exaggerated popular estimate of the im- 
portance of material wealth. Against these 
evil tendencies there is strong resistance. 
The moral ideals were never more clearly 
held or more bravely maintained than now 
by teachers, preachers, writers, artists. 
Probably changes in the industrial and 
social organization will be found needful. 
Doubtless the world will never be reformed 
by changes in the machinery of society ; 
but doubtless the world will never be re- 
formed without such changes. It is need- 
ful that the spirit of fellowship and cooper- 
ation be cultivated and the spirit of strife 
and competition be repressed. 
Before Sections D and I, Mr. G. B. Mor- 
rison gave the results of experiments in 
heating and ventilating a model house. 
The paper was full of technical matters, but 
the grand conclusions appeared to be two in 
number : 
1. Air, warmed to a proper temperature, 
should be introduced to a school room 
through numerous small openings in the 
floor throughout the room, so that the great 
mass of air may rise slowly and uniformly 
to the ceiling, and there be allowed to pass 
out, growing cooler as it rises. 
2. Given the proper amount of air to be 
furnished to a crowded room, it is far 
cheaper to move it by fans than by an as- 
pirating flue which requires heating for the 
purpose. 
Mr. John S. Clark, of Boston, well known 
for his labors in the dissemination of works 
SCIENCE. 
[N. S. Von. X. No. 248. 
on drawing and art, read a very interesting 
paper on: ‘Science and Art in their Rela- 
tion to Social Development.’ He said that 
scientific research to-day aims through 
knowledge at the solution of practical prob- 
lems. Art is the product of creative activ- 
ity. It is impossible to draw a sharp divid- 
ing line between industrial and fine art. 
Attention was then called to the relation 
between art on the one hand, and civilization 
on the other hand. He pointed out that the 
last century of scientific research also wit- 
nessed the development of landscape paint- 
ing and of the poetry of nature. Fine art 
is the ultimate result of any given race or 
period. In art, man finds the fullest room 
for the exercise of his broadest powers. 
A paper, by Dr. Thomas L. Balliet, ‘On 
Some New Aspects of Educational Thought,’ 
was one of the best of the meeting, and 
it commanded the closest attention and 
aroused the greatest enthusiasm. The dis- 
cussion which followed lasted for over an 
hour and was participated-in by Dr. Glad- 
den, ex-President Scott, Professor C. M. 
Woodward and many others. It is ex- 
pected that a detailed abstract of the paper 
will be published in Science. 
In his discussion of ‘The Manual Ele- 
ment in Education,’ Professor C. M. Wood- 
ward, of the St. Louis Manual Training 
School, sketched the growth of the manual 
element from its introduction in the kinder- 
garten, the chemical laboratory and the 
engineering and trade shops forty years ago, 
to the modern manual training school and 
the light tool work now introduced into the 
higher grades of the grammar schools. 
Kindergarten teachers had thus far shown 
their inability to extend their work into the 
primary school. A great wall of prejudice 
prevents any proper union of the first 
reader with the ‘ gifts.’ But from the upper 
side all the grades are coming into a par- 
ticipation in the benefits of educational 
tool work and exact drawing. Every child 
