590 
belonged to another people occupying the 
country at an earlier date. To this period 
Sir John Lubbock gave the name Paleo- 
lithie. 
These chipped flint implements were 
found by scores of investigators and search- 
ers in hundreds of places, to the number of 
tens of thousands. 
As before remarked, it was the likeness 
or similarity of the implements, not only in 
general form, but in the details, as well as 
in their material, mode of manufacture and 
possible method of use, which clinched the 
argument. They so closely resemble each 
other in the details as to show to the stu- 
dent that the men who made and used them 
not only belonged all to the same stage of 
culture, but that either through migration 
or commerce they must have had intercom- 
munication. They might or might not 
have been blood-relatives, but that they 
were really acquaintances and taught each 
other the modes of fracture of these imple- 
ments, seems to have been admitted on all 
hands. 
The discoveries of the prehistoric ages of 
stone have been extended to Africa. Pro- 
fessor H. W. Haynes and General Pitt- 
Rivers in Egypt and Mr. Seton-Karr in 
Somaliland, have made discoveries of pale- 
olithic implements. Discoveries of neo- 
lithic implements have been made by Mr. 
J. de Morgan in the valley of the Nile, 
and by a Belgian, in the valley of the 
Congo. All have been found in  suffi- 
cient numbers to establish the fact that 
they were not isolated or sporadic speci- 
mens but were evidence of an extensive 
human occupation of their locality. 
Differences Between Paleolithic and Neolithic 
Cultures. 
In treating of the science of prehistoric 
anthropology, it is imperative that the dif- 
ferences between the culture of paleolithic 
and neolithic times should be noticed. 
SCIENCE. 
[N. S. Von. X. No. 252. 
Necessarily this must be confined to the 
Old World, as the discoveries in America 
have not been sufficient to establish the 
lines between the two periods. 
Mons. Gabriel de Mortillet formulated 
the differences between his Madelainien 
epoch (the last of the Paleolithic period) 
and his Robenhausen epoch (the first of 
the Neolithic period), and has arranged 
them in parallel columns that they may 
make a graphic representation : 
LATEST PALEOLITHIC 
(1) Climate cold and dry, 
with extreme tempera- 
tures. 
(2) Existence of the last 
grand fossil species— 
the mammoth. 
(3) Chamois, marmot, the 
wild goat in the plains 
of France. 
(4) Reindeer, saiga (an- 
telope), elk, glutton, 
white bear, in the cen- 
ter of Europe. 
(5) Hyena and the grand | 
cat tribe. 
(6) No domestic animals. 
(7) Human type uniform. | 
(8) Population nomadic. 
(9) Hunters and fishes, 
but no agriculture. 
(10) Stone implements al- | 
ways chipped. 
(11) No pottery. 
(12) No monuments. 
(13) No burials; no re- 
spect for the dead. 
(14) No religious ideas. 
(15) A profound and pure 
artistic sentiment. 
i 
EARLIEST NEOLITHIC. 
(1) Climate temperate and 
uniform. 
(2) The mammoth 
tinct. 
(3) Chamois, marmot,and 
wild goat have gone to 
the summits of the 
| mountains. 
(4) These animals have 
emigrated toward the 
| Arctic region. 
(5) No hyenas or grand 
cats. 
6) Domestic 
abundant. 
7) Human type much 
varied. 
8) Population sedentary. 
| (9) Agriculture well de- 
veloped. 
10) Stone implements 
polished. 
(11) Pottery. 
12) Monuments: Dol- 
mens and menhirs. 
(13) Burial of the dead. 
14) Religious ideas well 
developed. 
(15) No artistic senti- 
ment. 
ex- 
animals 
The radical difference between the Pa- 
leolithic and Neolithic periods, and one to 
be first remarked, was that they were in 
different geologic epochs. 
The former be- 
longed to the quaternary, the latter to the 
present epoch. 
In the transition from the 
Paleolithic to the Neolithic the glaciers 
ceased, the climate became temperate and 
