OcTOBER 27, 1899.] 
uniform, the animals peculiar to the earlier 
conditions passed away and others affected 
by the change of climate migrated. There 
were eighteen species of cold-loving animals 
in western Europe during the Paleolithic 
period which migrated to other localities 
because of the moderation of the tempera- 
ture incident to the commencement of the 
Neolithic period. Thirteen of these mi- 
grated to cold countries by latitude going 
to the north, the reindeer, the musk-ox, 
the blue fox, etc.; five like the chamois and 
mountain goat, migrated to cold countries 
by altitude, going up on the mountains. 
Comparing the industries of the two 
periods, we will see some of those of the 
earlier, continued into the later periods, 
and some of those the later were invented 
or improved. 
The art of chipping stone into implements 
was continued from the earlier to the later 
but to it was added the art of grinding and 
polishing. All our smoothed and polished 
stone implements and objects had their 
origin in this neolithic culture. Sawing 
and drilling stone began here. The bow 
and arrow, the first projectile machinery 
in the world, here had its birth. 
The twisting of flaxen thread, weaving 
and the making of cloth, clothing, com- 
menced in this period. Pottery making 
was begun which, in itself, wrought a revo- 
lution in human culture. The earliest 
monuments of the world, the great mounds, 
tumuli, dolmens, menhirs, cromlechs, and 
the fine specimens of prehistoric architec- 
ture, date from this period. 
The family was formed, and the clan or 
tribe organized with a local habitation 
and a name. Villages, and finally towns 
were established; animals were domesti- 
cated, flocks and herds with farms and 
pastures came into being; agriculture in- 
-creased the means of subsistence; a division 
of labor became fixed, and mechanics with 
‘trades were partially inaugurated. Though 
SCIENCE. 
591 
the neolithic man, from our point of view, 
was a savage, yet compared with his pre- 
decessor, the paleolithic man, he made a 
long stride towards civilization, whether 
from savagery to barbarism may be sug- 
gested but need not be decided, nor even 
argued here. 
Paleolithic Implements Employed. 
The recognition of the artificial character 
of the chipped flint implements found by 
Boucher de Perthes, and the many who 
came after him, and which gave an impetus 
to the science of prehistoric anthropology, 
made an opportunity, if it did not create a 
necessity, for some sort of classification. 
The Scandinavian classification of stone, 
bronze and iron had been accepted, but 
these late discoveries demonstrated an 
earlier period and called for a subdivision 
of the age of stone. 
All the implements found were of flint 
and chipped. During this period man did 
not know how to rub one stone against 
another to make either of them smooth or 
sharp, as he did in the later age; so the 
first was called the chipped stone age, and 
the other the polished stone age. Sir John 
Lubbock gave them the names, respectively, 
Paleolithic and Neolithic. These paleo- 
lithic implements of chipped flint being 
found mostly in the alluvial gravels, the 
name alluvial, alluvium (French), diluvial, 
diluvium (English?), were respectively 
given them. 
These implements and the period to which 
they belong require a description by which 
they can be recognized from those of other 
ages. They were all of flint or some chipp- 
able material, many of them were made from 
boulders or concretions. Some were so 
chipped as to leave the smooth part of the 
boulder as a grip for the hand. They 
varied in length from six or eight inches 
down to three, in width from five to two, 
and in thickness from three inches to one. 
