OcTOBER 27, 1899. ] 
somatology have, as already suggested, ex- 
tended their investigations to modern peo- 
ples, primitive and savage, hoping for two 
results: one, incidentally a knowledge of 
these peoples per se, and the other to obtain 
by comparison a better knowledge of pre- 
historic peoples. This investigation in- 
duced classification of races which have 
run into infinitesimal details. | 
There has been much striving among an- 
thropologists for a satisfactory classifica- 
tion of the human race. The item in this 
classification which seems to have been re- 
ceived with most favor is determined by 
the cephalic index. This is the ratio be- 
tween the extreme length of the skull as 
compared with the extreme breadth, and 
this compared with the extreme height. 
Various subdivisions have been made 
and various names given: dolichocephalic 
the long-headed ; mesocephalic, medium, 
and brachycephalic, short-headed. Other 
schemes are according to the character of the 
hair, running through lophocomi (tufted), 
eriocomi (fleecy), euplocomi (curly), and 
euthycomi (straight). Still another classi- 
fication was that of the dental index by 
Professor W. H. Flower, the microdont (the 
lowest index), mesodont (medium), and 
megadont (the highest dental index). 
The earliest and possibly original scheme 
of classification of the human races was 
according to color: the yellow, white, black, 
to which were afterwards added the brown 
and the red. Probably these stand the 
test of experience in science about as well 
as the more complicated classifications. 
Dr. Topinard has undertaken an investi- 
gation among the people of France by 
which he is to determine the color of the 
hair and eyes, segregated according to dif- 
ferent departments. Virchow has done the 
same among the school-children of Ger- 
many, and in a late work Dr. W.Z. Ripley, 
of Columbia University, New York, has re- 
ported and published sundry investigations 
_ SCIENCE, 
599 
in some of the countries of western Europe, 
classifying and separating the peoples ac- 
cording to color of skin, hair and eyes, of 
the cephalic index, of height, and other 
physical characteristics. Such a work as 
his applied to the native races of America 
would be new and original and a valuable 
contribution to the science of anthropology. 
Dr. Washington Matthews made such an 
investigation of the early occupants of the 
Salado Valley, Arizona. 
Darwin’s discovery of the origin of the 
human species by evolution from lower 
forms of animals, created an interest in the 
antiquity of man different from that of 
archeology. It required a knowledge of 
zoology and of human and comparative 
anatomy, and involved a study of anthro- 
pology in its subdivisions of somatology, 
physiology and psychology, involving the 
physical and intellectual characteristics of 
man. Based upon this necessity, the various 
schools and societies of anthropology were 
organized in many of the great cities of the 
world, notably Paris, London and Berlin. 
The organization of these societies and the 
investigations involved brought to the front 
a set of scientists totally different from those 
who had before been studying archeology. 
Broca, in Paris, stood near the head of 
these, followed by Manouvrier and Topi- 
nard; Gosse in Geneva, Huxley and Tylor, 
Biddoe and Keane in England, Virchow 
and Bastian and Meyer in Germany, witli 
Mantegazza and Sergi in Italy. The 
family Bertillon, consisting of the father 
(now dead) and his two sons (successors), 
were the discoverers and inventors of the 
science of anthropometry in its adaptation 
to prehistoric man. The races of men had 
been studied before, and the general divis- 
ions were those of color. Anthropometry 
gave an additional interest to this branch 
of the science and it ran riot, making sub- 
divisions on the bases of infinitesimal de- 
tails. This was pressed to such a point 
