NOVEMBER 3, 1899. ] 
recognized paleolithic implements of Eu- 
rope. These are dissimilar to the prehis- 
toric implements of every other period in 
any country, and if there is any force or 
truth in the argument of similarity of cul- 
ture from, or by reason of, similarity of im- 
plements, between two widely separated 
peoples using them, this would seem to es- 
tablish the existence of a paleolithic period 
in America as well as in Europe. Dr. 
Brinton and Professor Putnam, though oc- 
cupying antagonistic positions on many of 
these questions, both seem to concede the an- 
tiquity of man on the American continent. 
Dr. Brinton’s address heretofore men- 
tioned, contains two or three pregnant sen- 
tences on the subject of man’s antiquity in 
America which, coming from him, are no- 
ticeable, and I quote them approvingly : 
There is, however, a class of monuments of much 
greater antiquity. * * * These are the artificial 
shell heaps which are found along the shores of both 
oceans and many rivers in both North and South 
America. They correspond to the kitchen middens of 
European archeology. * * * The shells are by no 
means all of modern type. Many are of species now 
wholly extinct, or extinct in the locality. This fact 
alone carries us back to an antiquity which must be 
numbered by many thousands of years before our era. 
* %* * ‘This class of monuments, therefore, supply 
us data which prove man’s existence in America in 
what some call the diluvial, others the quaternary, 
and others again the pleistocene epoch, that character- 
ized by the presence of extinct species. 
Professor Putnam, in his address at this 
meeting said : 
That man was on the American Continent in 
quaternary times, and possibly still earlier, seems to 
me as certain as that he was in the Old World during 
the same period. 
Antiquity of the Red Race in America. 
Not to split hairs over names, I suppose 
we should all agree upon the generic name 
of ‘ Red Race,’ and as I have some definite 
opinions as to the antiquity of the red race 
in America, I may make a résumé of my 
position. 
SCIENCE. 
644 
If we accept the theory: of the unity of 
the human species and its origin from a 
single stock, we must agree that the human 
species either originated on the Western 
Hemisphere and migrated to the Eastern, 
or else the reverse. Whether it originated 
in America or came here by migration, the 
conclusion seems irrefutable that it started 
with but comparatively few individuals, 
they occupied but one, or few localities, they 
grew to have practically the same indus- 
tries, and they spoke practically the same 
language. Professor Putnam * contends 
that there was more than one race and so 
there may have been more than one migra- 
tion and more than one colony. This, if 
accepted (and I make no dispute over it), 
does not materially affect my proposition. 
There were surely but few colonies with but 
few members in each. From these small 
beginnings, the red race had, prior to the 
discovery of America, spread over the en- 
tire Hemisphere, from the Arctic Ocean to 
Terra del Fuego, and from the Atlantic to 
the Pacific ; it had increased, we can only 
suppose in the natural way, from a single 
pair or score or possibly a hundred indi- 
viduals, to the seven or eleven millions 
which are said to have been the numbers at 
the time of Columbus’s discovery; and their 
migrations had been sufficiently extended 
and the separation sufficiently pronounced 
and maintained, as that the language orig- 
inally spoken had increased to the great 
number of which we now know. ft 
There is a difference or distinction in the 
ground or polished implements and objects 
of the ancient man of North America, 
which indicates a high antiquity. The In- 
dian made and used, at the time of the 
discovery, certain implements and objects 
* See his Presidential Address. 
{The Bureau of American Ethnology estimates 
the number of the different stock languages at fifty- 
six among the American Indians ; while the number 
of dialects is estimated at two hundred and over. 
