642 
which have been continued in modern 
times by which he can easily be recognized 
and identified. Many of these are of the 
same type as those in Europe in neolithic 
times. But there are certain others, also 
ground, polished and drilled, some showing 
a high order of mechanism, art and in- 
dustry, which had gone out of use and had ° 
become prehistoric among the Indians them- 
selves. They have been found in mounds 
and show a pre-Columbian and ancient 
origin. The objects referred to are usually 
of the class termed ceremonial: banner- 
stones, bird-shaped, boat-shaped, spade- 
shaped, gorgets, tablets drilled or in- 
scribed, sinkers, pendants or charms, tubes 
and certain specimens of stone pipes. The 
mounds themselves indicate a great an- 
tiquity, but their building and use seems 
also to have continued into later and pos- 
sibly into modern times. The antiquity of 
the mounds has been a subject of great con- 
tention, but I refer to a foregoing quotation 
from Dr. Brinton,* and also the address of 
Professor Putnam delivered at this meeting 
(p. 73), where he says : 
Many of these shell mounds are of great antiquity 
* * * and cannot be regarded as the work of one 
people. * * * Thus it will be seen that the earth 
mounds, like the shell mounds, were made by many 
people and at various times. * * * So far as the 
older earthworks, such as Newark, Liberty, High- 
bank and Marietta group, the Turner, the Hopewell 
group, the Cahokia mound of St. Louis, the Serpent 
mound of Adams County, Forts Ancient and Hill and 
many others, have been investigated, they have proved 
to be of considerable antiquity. This is shown by 
the formation of a foot or more of vegetable growth 
upon their steep sides, by the primeval character of 
the forest growth upon them, and by the probability 
that many of these works, covering hundreds of acres, 
were planned and built upon the river terra¢es before 
the growth of the virgin forest. 
If the above facts in regard to the origin 
of man on the Western Hemisphere be ac- 
cepted as true (and it is difficult to see how 
* Ante, p. 73. 
SCIENCE. 
[N. S. Vou. X. No. 253. 
they can be evaded), the conclusions an 
nounced of the minimum high antiquity 
of man in America seems incontrovertible ; 
and I am glad to stand with Dr. Brinton 
and Professor Putnam in maintaining the 
same conclusion, however much we may 
differ as to the arguments by which it is 
reached. 
We have assumed a migration from the 
Eastern Hemisphere as a means of ac- 
counting for the human occupation of the 
Western ; how it comes that the human 
product in the Western Hemisphere should 
be different from its progenitors in the 
Eastern, is not involved in this discussion. 
The question belongs to the earlier one of 
the origin of races. If we question how the 
Red Race of America could have sprung 
from either one of the three or four races of 
the Eastern Hemisphere, we are involved in 
equal obscurity as to how the three races of 
the Eastern Hemisphere should have sprung 
from a single stock, assuming, as we have, 
the unity of the human species. The dis- 
cussion of this question is not here perti- 
nent; it belongs to another branch of the 
science of anthropology and is to be dis- 
cussed otherwheres. If we accept the the- 
ory of the unity of the human species and 
that they all sprung from one stock, the 
conclusion may as well be accepted as to the 
formation of the Red Race in America, as 
to the Yellow in Asia, the White in Eu- 
rope and the Black race in Africa. The 
problem of the peopling of America has 
been dealt with theoretically by M. de 
Quatrefages in his ‘ Histerie Generale des 
Races Humaines,’ wherein he assumes a 
combination of thirty individuals of the 
Yellow, twenty of the White, and ten of the 
Black race, who, placed on the common 
basis of an isolated colony anywhere in the 
Western Hemisphere would, by amalga- 
mation and procreation, produce a race 
with the principal characteristics of the 
Red. - 
