644 
eration or one people could teach another, 
existed in both countries. I speak, not of 
the tastes, habits, customs, folk-lore, games, 
traditions, religions, beliefs, etc., which 
may or may not have been continued from 
one country to another, these may have 
perished or been lost in transmission ; but 
I speak of the serious things of life, those 
which go to make epochs of culture, which 
determine civilization, questions involving 
sustenance of life, such as implements, 
utensils, weapons, the means by which life 
was maintained and made possible. I may 
speak, also, of the tools with which these 
implements were made and the method of 
their manufacture.* The lines on which 
this parallel are drawn are so broad as to 
include practically all savage or barbarian 
needs. The industries of chipping, batter- 
ing, pecking, grinding, polishing, sawing 
and drilling were all applied to stone, bone, 
horn and wood, and were identical in 
Europe and America. The implements 
made from these materials and by these 
methods were similar, if not identical, in 
the two countries: stone hatchets, bow and 
arrows, spearheads, knives, scrapers, grind- 
ers, mortars and pestles, gouges, chisels, 
hammers. There is not more difference be- 
tween these tools in the two Hemispheres 
than there is between them in any two 
countries in the same Hemisphere. A series 
of polished stone hatchets from Scioto Val- 
ley, Ohio, will, save only the difference in 
material, correspond favorably in form, size, 
mode of manufacture and possible use, with 
a, like prehistoric series from almost any 
other country in the world. The same is 
true of all the implements mentioned in the 
list above. Pottery, which figures so ex- 
tensively in the life of primitive man, was 
substantially the same in the two Hemis- 
* The architecture and possibly the sociology of the 
Aztecs in Mexico and the Incas in Peru should be ex- 
cepted from this general statement and subjected 
to special investigation. 
SCIENCE. 
[N.S. Von. X. No. 253. 
pheres; spindle-whorls and thread, on 
which depended the art of weaving, and all 
the paraphernalia of nets and snares for 
catching game; these, like the others, were 
practically the same in both Hemispheres. 
There were differences in size, weight, ma- 
terial and ornamentation, but throughout 
the prehistoric period, they were sub- 
stantially the same utensils. We find 
plenty of prehistoric weaving, more in Hu- 
rope than in America, probably because 
the latter peoples wore clothing and made 
tents of skins; but the invention and use 
of the loom by which the product of the 
spindle-whorl could be utilized, was a ma- 
chine of great intricacy and difficulty of 
manufacture. This intricacy and difficulty 
becomes magnified when we consider that 
the loom and the spindle-whorl form to- 
gether but parts of the same machine and 
that to a large extent each depended on the 
other. When we find the machines and 
their products practically the same in both 
countries, it is an argument of great weight 
and carries with it a power of conviction. 
One of the important industries in primi- 
tive life, whether savage or barbarian, was 
the treatment of skins of animals for tents 
or clothing. The first and most necessary 
implement for the treatment of skins is the 
scraper, and this is as true of the modern 
tannery as it was in the time of the shep- 
herds on the plains of Chaldea. The 
scrapers of Europe and America are iden- 
tical. The skins of prehistoric times in 
both countries, whether of tents or of cloth- 
ing, have perished, and no traces of them are 
found ; but the flint scrapers remain as a sat- 
isfactory and convincing evidence of the 
treatment of the material, and that in this, 
the early men of Europe and America were 
alike. 
Lest some critic should pick a flaw in the 
foregoing statement of facts, I mention the 
teshoa, a kind of scraper peculiar to the 
foot-hills on the eastern slopes of the Rocky 
