728 
other abounding in fresh-water shells to- 
gether with turtle and crocodile remains in 
the Jurassic Dinosaur beds. On the basis 
of the fossils collected this summer, the Car- 
boniferous of Shirley Basin and the Grand 
Canyon of the North Platte are to be corre- 
lated with the Madison limestone of the 
Yellowstone Park. The Carboniferous at 
‘Specimen Hill,’ near the ranch of John 
Burnett in the Little Medicine settle- 
ment, is, however, of Upper Carboniferous 
age. 
Game at times was plentiful. On the 
plains, we saw daily from a few to as many as 
fifty antelope, but we rarely got nearer to 
them than a half mile. Sage hens were also 
abundant. In the mountains, two species 
of grouse were seen. Beaver dams we saw 
only in the region of Larmie Peak. Coyotes 
were noticed daily and nightly we never 
failed to hear their broken-voiced barking. 
Bears and mountain sheep were not seen, 
but occasionally we came across their 
tracks. Jack-rabbits were not common, 
eagles very scarce, and but four rattlesnakes 
were killed. 
In conclusion, it is believed that the 
sentiment of the members of the Fossil 
Field’s Expedition is voiced when it is 
stated that we were particularly fortunate 
in having Professor Knight as chief geol- 
ogist, leader, and quartermaster. He did 
his work well, and we are the gainers in 
making his acquaintance. 
“The Dinosaur, King of the mountains, 
The largest of all vertebrates ; 
When he drank he exhausted the fountains, 
And no one ean tell what he ate. 
He went about in the Jurassic, 
And he’1l never come back any more ; 
His bones lie here in Wyoming. 
Three cheers for the old Dinosaur.’’ 
Vincent, Coe College. 
CHARLES SCHUCHERT. 
U.S. NaTIonAL MusEuM, 
October 26, 1899. 
SCIENCE. 
[N. S. Vox. X. No. 255. 
SCIENTIFIC BOOKS. 
THE ‘THETA-PHI DIAGRAM.’ 
The Entropy-Temperature Analysis of Steam- 
Engine Efficiencies. By StpNEY A. REEVE. 
New York. 1897. S8vo. Pp. 20, with folded 
diagram. 
The Theta-Phi Diagram practically applied to 
Steam, Oil, Gas and Air-Engines. By HENRY 
A.GoupInG. London, Manchester and New 
York. 1898. Pp. 127. 
The Entropy-Diagram and its Applications. By 
J. Boutyin. Translated by BRYAN DONKIN. 
London and New York. 1898. Pp. 70. 
The ‘temperature-entropy diagram,’ the 
‘theta-phi diagram,’ as some recent writers, fol- 
lowing Macfarlane Gray, are coming to denomi- 
nate it, was suggested, somewhat indefinitely 
and without illustration of its applications, by 
Belpaire, in 1872; by J. Willard Gibbs, in a 
very definite form and with clear statement of 
the uses to which such a diagram may be ap- 
plied, in 1878-1878, and by later writers in in- 
creasing numbers and with as steadily increasing 
extent and usefulness of application, particu- 
larly in the treatment of the theory of the ideal 
heat-engines and in their comparison with the 
real engines of daily life. About 1889 Macfarlane 
Gray presented papers to the British Institu- 
tions of Naval Architects, of Civil and of Me- 
chanical Engineers, in which he employed the 
diagram in ‘the rationalization of Regnault’s 
experiments on steam’ and other work so 
skilfully and effectively that the attention of. 
his profession was then called to the then novel 
device, with the result of its permanent intro- 
duction into the current methods. of thermody- 
namics, pure and applied. It was subsequently 
used very extensively by Willans in the discus- 
sion of the efficiencies of his engines, as exhib- 
ited by a series of famous trials which were 
brought to an abrupt termination by the early 
death of that talented engineer ; although sup- 
plemented with great ability by his coadjutor, 
Captain Sankey. Boulvin, Ewing, Donkin and 
Cerry have since introduced this method of 
discussion of efficiencies and wastes of the heat- 
engines into treatises on those machines and 
their theory, and it may be now safely assumed 
that the system of Gibbs and his contemporaries 
in its development has become fully established 
12mo. 
