DECEMBER 1, 1899. ] 
cene including the Lenhamian (Lenham 
Beds) ; newer Pliocene including Gedgra- 
vian (Coralline Crag) ; Waltonian (Walton 
and Oakley horizons) ; Newbournian, But- 
leyan, Icenian (Norwich Crag) ; Chilles- 
fordian and Weybournian (Weybourne Crag 
and Forest Bed Series). The same author 
pointed out that shell accumulations com- 
parable to the ‘crags’ are now only found 
on shores, such as Holland, open to prev- 
alent southwesterly gales. He suggests 
that in Pliocene times Scandinavia may 
have been anticyclonic, diverting the winds 
in eastern England so that easterly gales 
were common. He further suggests that 
during the Glacial Epoch the ice-sheet of 
northern Europe might have been an anti- 
cyclonic center like Greenland at the pres- 
ent day. Evidence in favor of ice-sheet ac- 
tion in Anglesey was furnished in a paper 
by Mr. Greenly and Mr. Kendall reported 
on Erratic Blocks, dealing chiefly with 
Scandinavian and Cheviot boulders in York- 
shire. Mr. Lomas proposed to restrict the 
term ‘moraine’ to stationary deposits and 
the word ‘ rock-train ’ to débris riding on or 
moving with the ice. 
The investigations carried on by a com- 
mittee, of which Sir William Dawson is 
chairman and Professor Coleman secretary, 
succeeded in demonstrating, after meeting 
with many difficulties, that the warm cli- 
mate beds of the Don Valley in Canada un- 
derlie the cold climate beds of Scarborough 
and that both series, underlain and covered 
by boulder clays, were interglacial in age. 
The fossil leaves and wood will be deter- 
mined in time for the final report next 
year. 
The committee on Irish elk remains in 
the Isle of Man has not as yet succeeded in 
its principal task. The committee on the 
Ty Newydd Caves in North Wales presented 
their final report in which they correlated 
the successive deposits with those of the 
Ffynnon Benno Caves, studied by Dr. 
SCIENCE. 
813 
Hicks, and concluded that the deposits in 
them were earlier than the boulder-clay of 
the district with northern and western er- 
ratics. 
The exhibition of specimens of Eolithic 
and Paleolithic flints, including one ob- 
tained by Dr. Kerr from Folkestone, led to 
a brisk discussion on the antiquity of man, 
in which Sir John Evans, one of the first 
Englishmen to study the gravels of the 
Somme with Boucher de Perthes, declined to 
admit that the so-called Eolithic implements 
furnished any evidence of the existence of 
pre-Paleolithic man. This opinion he reit- 
erated in a short paper read in the Boulogne 
Museum on the occasion of the visit of the 
Association to that town at the end of the 
meeting. 
Amongst the paleontological papers may 
be mentioned Professor Rupert Jones’ report 
on Paleozoic Phyllopoda, and an interesting 
exhibition by Dr. Rowe of slides, showing 
recent developments of photo-micrography 
of opaque objects as applied to the deline- 
ation of the minute structure of fossils. 
Professor Sollas initiated a discussion on 
homotaxy and contemporaneity, in which 
he concluded that the geological clocks in 
different localities were, figuratively speak- 
ing, never more than minutes and seldom 
more than seconds wrong. 
Professor Renard announced that by sub- 
jecting quartzite, enveloped in an alloy, to 
hydrostatic pressure equal to 5,000 atmos- 
pheres, he had produced granulation in the 
quartz identical with that seen in silicate 
meteorites. Professor Sollas was able to 
bring positive proof of the existence of 
abundant sponge spicules in the chalk which 
are now represented by hollow casts to the 
extent of sometimes 3 per cent. of the rock. 
Some beautiful examples of wave photo- 
graphs were shown by Mr. Vaughan Jen- 
nings, including waves in rock, lava, mud, 
sand, soil-terraces and sand dunes. Dr. 
Tempest Anderson exhibited photographs 
