46 Lieut. R. G. Wardlaw-Ramsay’s 
of Hariab by a long spur thrown out from Sita Ram, or 
Speen-gurh, as it is called by the Afghans, the highest point 
of the Safed-Koh range. This spur, over which runs the 
Peiwar Kotul, at first takes a southerly direction, but even- 
tually turns away to the west, and appears to lose itself near 
the junction of the Kurrum and Hariab rivers, but not before 
it again approaches another spur of the Safed-Koh, which 
also turns to the southward, the general direction of the 
main range being nearly east and west. 
It will thus be seen that the small part of the country 
known as the Hariab valley is enclosed in a kind of basin in 
the hills at an average elevation of from 7000 to 8000 feet 
above the sea-level. The Peiwar spur presents a consider- 
able barrier to the advance of many species of birds; that is 
to say, many birds, such as Muscipeta paradisi, Oriolus 
kundoo, Acridotheres tristis, Corvus corax, Corvus splen- 
dens, Ceryle rudis, Ortygornis ponticeriana, &c., which occur 
up to the very foot of the Peiwar spur on the east, are, 
as far as my experience goes, unknown in the Hariab valley, 
which is approximately about 1500 to 2000 feet higher. 
Another instance may be quoted in the King Crow (Bu- 
changa atra), which is very abundant near the head of the 
Kurrum valley, but which is of rare occurrence in the higher 
valley. There is no doubt, therefore, that the climate of 
Hariab, albeit its elevation is not very much above that of 
the Kurrum valley, keeps out a considerable number of spe- 
cies, and consequently impoverishes the list of its birds. 
The total number of species observed between the 12th 
April and the 10th July was seventy-three, not including the 
species obtained or observed at Shalofzan (in the Kurrum 
valley) only, which amount to thirteen more, and those of 
whose occurrence I only know by report, viz. Lophophorus 
impeyanus and Rhynchea capensis, making a grand total of 
eighty eight. 
In this paper I have followed the numbering of Jerdon’s 
‘Birds of India,’ according to the revised list published by 
Mr. A. O. Hume (‘Stray Feathers,’ vi. pp. 73-122). 
I hope, in course of time, to augment the present list, as 
