522 



BR. C. F. SONNTAG ON THE ANATOMVr 



These resemblances are the result of convergence and are, 

 consequently, no test of affinity. There is, moreover, no resem- 

 blance between the tongues of Manis and Orycteropus, beyond 

 the characters of the circumvallate papillae. If they have arisen 

 from a common form, the great contrast between them is the 

 result of adaptation to a particular diet and mode of feeding. And 

 there appears to be no affinity between the tongues of the African 

 and American Edentates. So it is evident that the characters of 

 the tongues lend additional support to Flower's views on the 

 mutual affinities of the Edentata. 



Order DERMOPTERA. 



The tongue of Galeopithecus volans (text-fig. 54) is long, 

 narrow and thick, and its free part is of considerable extent. 

 The upper surface is chocolate-coloured, but the lower surface is 

 pale. The apex is rounded, devoid of a notch, and divided into 

 lobules by fissures, which pass backwards and inwards for a 

 considerable distance on the inferior surface. The lateral borders 

 are full and rounded, and have well-marked lateral organs at 

 their posterior extremities. A well-marked median dorsal sulcus 

 runs back along the greater part of the oral division of the 



Text-figure 54. 



The tongue of CaJeopiiAecMs wo^aws. A: dorsum; B: under surface ; 

 C : vallate papillic of a second specimen. 



dorsum, but no transverse fissures diverge from it. The median 

 ventral sulcus is equally well-marked, and transverse sulci diverge 

 from its posterior part. There is no trace of a foramen caicum 

 of plica? fimbriatae, and the frenum is very short. No frenal 

 lamella is present. 



Papillce : — The whole of the dorsum from the apex back to the 

 epiglottis is covered with thickly-set, sharp, hard conical papilla; 

 which have the usual arrangement in clusters and rows; and 

 they increase in size from within outwards, and from before 



