OF THE TONGUES OF TUE MAMMALIA. 523 



backwards. They also cover the upper part of the Literal borders, 

 but they are not present on the inferior surface of the tongue. 

 They are of a simple character. In one tongue I was unable to 

 detect any circum vallate or fungiform papillae ; but these were 

 probably buried under the conical papilla;. In a second tongue 

 the conical papillre were short, the f ungifoi-m papillae were scanty, 

 but had the usual arrangement; and there were two large 

 vallate papillpe, Avith a minute one in between. 



Lateral Organs : — Owing to the great length of the oral part of 

 the tongue, the lateral organs appear to be placed far back on the 

 lateral borders. They are as well marked as those in Primates : 

 and each consists of eleven laminas separated by deep sulci. 



Suhlingua : — Gregory (10) pointed out the Galeopithecus has a 

 sublingua similar to tliat in Tupaia, but I was unable to detect 

 either a sublingua or plicoe fimbriatre in three tongues. 



No lytta is present, and no gland orifices are visible on the 

 bnse of the tongue. 



Order INSECTIVORA. 



The tongue, like other anatomical characters, is very simple in 

 tlie Insectivora, and it is possible to show how the tongues of 

 animals belonging to other Orders can be derived from them by 

 specialisation of certain structiires or areas. In the present 

 paper the structural characters alone are dealt with, the phylo- 

 genetic considerations being postponed till all the systematic 

 papers of this series have been completed. 



The tongue is long and narrow in all species, and its free part 

 is of considerable length. It usually thickens gradually from 

 before backwards ; but its thickness is not greater in proportion 

 to its length in Erinaceus (text-fig. 55). The oral part of the 

 dorsum is long, and the pharyngeal part is short in all species. 

 The apex is rounded, truncated or pointed, and is usually devoid 

 of a notch. The lateral borders are rounded, but they only 

 possess lateral organs in Erinaceus. 



Median dorsal sulci are absent, but transverse ridges and sulci 

 may be produced by the impression of the palatal rugJB on the 

 tongue. Median ventral sulci are absent, but median ventral 

 crests are present in Talpa (text-fig. 56) and Khynchocyon (text- 

 fig. 57); they are blunt in the former, and sharp in the latter. 



Circumvallate Papillce : — In the Insectivora there are two 

 large papillas, or three papillae in a triangle with the apex turned 

 backwards. And the following list contains the observations of 

 myself and others : — 



Family Erinaceidse : — Two papillae in Gymnura rafflesii. 



Three papillae in all species of Erinaceus. 

 Family Oentetidre ; — Three papillae in Centefes, Ericulus and 



Mierogale. 

 Family Solenodontidae : — Three .papillae in Solenodon para- 



doxurus. 



