OF THE TONGUES OF TUE MAMMALIA. 527 



Rhynchocyon. The lytta in the Insectivora is in many ways 

 similar to that in the Lemuroid Primates. 



Musculature : — Tliis lias heen fully described by Carlier (3) and 

 Oppel(17). 



Conclusions. 



1 . The tongiirs of the Edentata and Insectivora are of particular 

 interest, for they afford clear illusti-ations of some of the principles 

 which should guide us in settling the blood-relntionships of 

 animals. Thus they exhibit primitive, convergent and adaptive 

 characters. 



2. The tongues of all the American Edentata can be derived 

 from Armadillo-like forms. 



3. The tongues of the Myrmecophagida? are similar in many 

 ways to that of Manis, but the resemblances have been produced 

 by convergence. 



4. All American Edentata have two circumvallate papillae, but 

 the African forms have three in a triangle. 



5. The differences between the tongues of Manis and Oryo- 

 teropus are the result of adaptive modifications. 



6. It is a well-established principle of phylogeny that obser- 

 vations should be drawn from all parts of the body ; and 

 conclusions as to affinities should not be based on the examination 

 of a single organ. The truth of this can be seen in a study of the 

 Edentata ; for an examination of the tongue alone would make 

 one agree that Manis and the Myrmecophagidge are closely 

 related ; an exjxmination of the entire anatomy of these animals 

 shows that that is not true. ' 



7. The tongues of the Edentata are more mobile than those of 

 all other Mammals except Acanthoglossus and Zaglossus. 



8. The tongue of Galeopithecus has affinities with those of the 

 Insectivora. The characters of its apex, however, are unique. 



9. The tongues of the Insectivora are very primitive, for their 

 mechanical pnpillaB are simple, their gustatory papilloa are not 

 numerous and they have traces or complete examples of the lytta 

 and sublingua. Many of their characters are similar to these of 

 the Lemuroid Primates. 



Bibliography. 



1. BouLART and Pilliet. — Note sur I'organe folic de la langue 



des Mammif6res. Journ. de I'anat. et de la physiol. 

 1885, pp. 337-345. 



2. Brucher, 0. — Deutsch. Zeitschr. f. Tiermed. u. vei^gl. Pathol, 



. (Inaug.-Diss. Tubingen), 1884. 



3. Carlier, E. W. — Contributions to the histology of the 



Hedgehog. Journal of Anatomy and PJiysiology, 1893 

 (several papers). 



