1058 BAIIOX FRANCIS NOPCSA ON llEVJillSIBLK 



Salamcmdra atra is a good example, for if the gills of, tliis 

 Urodele were move adapted to the interuterine breathing tlian 

 they actually are, the rearing of its larvie in water would become 

 impossible (16). Es'en in Tortoises evidently the embryonic gills 

 are already modified to such an extent that tlie Mud-Tortoises 

 were incapable of falling back on the use of their gills, and had in 

 the course of their aquatic adaptation to develop new pharyngeal 

 organs for breathing under watei-. 



The unexplainable but important fact, that the life-history of 

 each individual is always a distorted recapitulation of the history 

 of its whole phylum, gives the clue by which we can understand 

 why a limited reversal of evolution can occur. 



LlTEnATURE REFERllED TO. 



The purely osteological or palajontological literature must be 

 looked up for in Nopcsa, ' Die Familien der lleptilien ' (lierlin, 

 1923). 



1. Baur, G.— "The Pelvis of the Testudinata." Journ. of 



Morphology, 1892. 



2. Broom, Jl.— "On the Structure of the Skull in Cynodont 



Reptiles." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1915. 



3. Broom, 11. — " On the Structure of the Reptilian Tarsus." 



Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1921. 



4. DoLLO, L. — '"'Sur I'origine de la tortue luth." Bull. Soc. 



roy. medicales et naturelles, Bruxelles, 1901. 



5. DoLLO, L. — "Les Dinosaurien adaptees, a la vie quadrupede 



secondairo." Bull, Soc. belg. Gcolog., Paleont. et Hydro- 

 log., Bruxelles, 1905. 



6. Fejbrvary, G. — "Quelques observations sur la loi de Dollo 



et I'epistrephogenese." Bull. Soc. Vaudoise des Sc. 

 nat. Lausanne, 1921. 



7. Fejervauy, G. — " Phylogenetical and Morphological Notes 



on primary and secondary dermal bones." Archiv f. 

 Naturgesch. Berlin, 1922. 



8. KuHNE, K.— " Variationen der Wirbelsilule und desExtremi- 



tatenplexus bei Lacerta." Morpholog. Jahrbuch, 1913. 



9. Nopcsa. — " A case of Secondary Adaptation in a Tortoise." 



Ann. k Mag. Nat. Hist. London, 1922. 



10. Nopcsa. — " On the Origin of Flight in Birds." Proc. Zool. 



Soc. London, 1923. 



11. SciiAuiNSLANi). — "Weitere Boitviige /-ur Entwicklungs- 



geschichle von JIaiieria." Archiv f. microscopische 

 Anatomic, 1900. 



12. ScvJMiDT, W. J. — " Ueber Schuppenrudimente und Haut- 



sinneorgane bei Emyda granosa." Zoolog. Anzeiger, 

 1920. 



13. SxEiNER, H. — " Die ontogenetische und phylogenetische Ent- 



wicklung der Vogelfliigelskelettes." Acta Zoologica, 

 Stockholm, 1922. 



I 



