III. 



REGULATIVE ORGANIZATION: CON^ANGUINEAL-POLITICAL— IN- 

 DUSTRIAL. 



Government does not begin in the ascendency of chieftains through prowess in war, 

 but in the slow specialization of executive functions from communal associations 

 based on kinship. * * * Evolution in society has not been from militancy to in- 

 dustrialism, but from organization based on kinship to organization based on prop- 

 perty, and alongside of the specializations of the industries of peace the arts of war 

 have been specialized.* 



GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 



On the northwest coast totemism permeates the whole tribal organi- 

 zation. The ceremonies at birth, initiation, naming', matrimony, feast- 

 ing, dancing, funerals, and all other social occasions, all have for their 

 object, in some way, the identification of the individual with his totem 

 under its specific name. A totem is simply an organization of con- 

 sanguineal kindred into a recognized group or band, but with its defi- 

 nition and practical workings we have more to do later. 



Amongst the Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian, the orgauizatian is 

 based on mother-right; that is, birth-rights, such as rank, wealth, prop- 

 erty, etc., are received from the mother. Amongst the southern tribes 

 of British Columbia father-right is the form of social organization. 

 In the lowest and rudest forms of primitive human society we have 

 simply the recognition of the maternity of a child, the paternity either not 

 being known, or not considered. Matriarchy, this tracing of descent in 

 the female line only, " mother rule," finds its most primitive form in 

 the tribal organization of some of the Australians, where the tribe 

 and child recognize a group of mothers (a sub-phratry), their issues, as 

 it were, being pooled. The evolution of patriarchy, the recognition of 

 definite male descent, " father-rule," is obscure, but its most primitive 

 form is also found amongst some Australian tribes, where a group of 

 fathers belonging to a sub-phratry have the monopoly of privileges 

 with the women of a corresponding female sub-phratry, although the 

 tribes may be a thousand miles apart and speak different languages. t 

 As we advance from matriarchy towards patriarchy, we find, at the 

 boundary, tribes wavering between female and male descent, or in which 



* Ma.j. J. W. Powell. An. Rep., Bureau of Ethnology, I, p. 83. 

 t Frazer, Totemism, |). 67. 



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