THE INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST COAST. 267 



and caps are worn, but the women use generally only a black silk hand- 

 kerchief. The grass hats are still seen on the coast in out-of-the-way 

 places, particularly around Dixon Entrance. These are cone shaped, 

 with considerable spread, being particularly adapted for protection, in 

 rainy weather, to the elaborately dressed hair worn on ceremonial occa- 

 sions. In the north, the truncated cone-shaped form is surmounted by 

 a more or less t«ill cylinder, in the ceremonial hats reaching an absurd 

 height; in the south, it becomes more parasol-like in shape, although 

 both styles are found throughout the whole coast, excepting that the very 

 tall ceremonial hat is limited to the north. Plate xii illustrates the 

 varieties. Fig. 37 is the usual type, ornamented with the toteraic device 

 representing the Raven, painted on the hat in red and black, the detail 

 being shown in Fig. 37d, which is a top view of Fig. 37. The details 

 of the weaving or twining are illustrated in enlarged section in Figs. 376 

 and 37c. The hat naturally divides itself into two sections — the 

 crown and the rim— the dividing line being at a in Fig. 37. The method 

 of making the crown is the same as that used in the Haida basketry, 

 and shown in 376, while the rim is woven by a variation in the above 

 method shown in Fig. 37c. These figures are from an article by Professor 

 O. T. Mason on Basket Work, in Smithsonian Eeport, 1884, Part ii. Of 

 Fig. 37c he says: "It shows the regular method of twined weaving, the 

 introduction of the skip-stitch or twilled weaving into the greatest 

 variety of geometric patterns, and the ingenious method of fastening 

 off by a four-ply braid showing only on the outer side." At the divid- 

 ing line, marked a, on the inside, a cylindrical head-band of spruce root 

 is stitched to make the hat fit the head, a string passing under the chin 

 being usually added. Fig. 38 is an ordinary type of spruce root hat 

 also found on the coast. Amongst the southern Indians, where cedar 

 bark is so much used, these two styles of hat are reproduced in that 

 material, which, not being tough enough to twine, is woven, as shown 

 in detail in Fig. 38e, This is the same pattern as their mats. The hats 

 thus made are light and flimsy and soon lose their shape, whereas the 

 twined spruce root ones and the baskets both retain their shape and be- 

 come water tight after a preliminary soaking. Fig. 39 is another varia- 

 tion in the shapes found on the coast. It is often painted in solid colors 

 and ornamented on top with a totemic design. Fig. 40 is a ceremonial 

 head-dress, similar in design and outline to the wooden helmets illus- 

 trated in Plate xiii. This shape is seen in the carvings in the large 

 totemic columns, and is doubtless an imitation of the wooden helmets 

 formerly worn in battle. These survivals and imitations are spoken of 

 elsewhere. The animal represented in Fig. 40 is the Raven. 



Rain Cloaks. — Along the whole coast a peculiar form of cloak was 

 worn in rainy weather to shed water. Dixon (1787) says of them, as 

 seen at Sitka : " I had no opportunity of examining them minutely, but 

 they appear to be made of reeds, sewed very closely together, and I 

 was told by one of our gentlemen who was with Captain Cook during 



