THE CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. 403 



is in general character exactly similar to that found on the Juchou 

 ware already described. 



Tingchow ware was well imitated during the Yiian dynasty (1260 to 

 1367) by one P'eng Chiin-pao at Hochou, in Kiangnan province, and 

 later on very successfully at Chingte-chen.* His productions, known 

 as P'eng porcelain, after himself, and Ho porcelain, from the locality, 

 are described as " fine in paste and white in color, looking very much 

 like real TingyaoJ^ 



LUNGCH'UAN. 



LungcliHlanyao (Lungch^ian porcelain) was manufactured from the 

 early part of the Sung dynasty (end of tenth or beginning of eleventh 

 century) in the district of that name, situated in the department of 

 Ch'iichou, Chehkiang province. The ornamentation was engraved 

 under the glaze, which was of various shades from the color of grass to 

 deep onion-green, sometimes crackled and sometimes not crackled ; and 

 occasionally bands of foliate or scroll pattern are found of deeper tone 

 than the rest of the vessel. The biscuit, which was of fine clay, turned 

 brown when the absence of glaze had exj)osed it to the effect, of heat 

 during baking, though when covered by the glaze and in fractures it 

 remained white, and on the base or foot was a ferrugiuous ring. The 

 specimens which survive are mostly coarse and thick, but as the best 

 specimens were considered but little inferior to Kuan-yao, these prob- 

 ably represent only the rougher and inferior grades. In the designs no 

 little artistic merit is shown at times. One specimen which is described 

 by Hsiang Tzii-ching (and I have myself seen one exactly similar) 

 consists of a whorl of palm-leaves surrounding a hollow stem to hold 

 flowers. Another is " a sacrificial urn moulded in the form of a horn- 

 less rhinoceros, the body hollowed out to hold wine, with a peaked 

 saddle on the back as cover, after a bronze design from the Po-Jcu-Pu 

 " enclycopoedia." The author translated by M. Julien states that this 

 ware was subsequently successfully imitated at Chingte-cheu, aud that 

 the latt(ir surpassed the originals in beauty. Dr. Hirth, however, avers 

 on the authority of native connoisseurs that the pure 'Lungch'Uan 

 products can be distinguished from all imitations-, first, Ibecause it is 

 a peculiarity of the clay used in the manufacture of the former alone 

 to turn brown or red on the surface when left exposed during baking, 

 while the biscuit remains white where covered ; and, secondly, because, 

 owing to this peculiarity of the clay, the ferruginous ring on articles 

 of white porcelain manufactured elsewhere can only be j)roduced by 

 artificially coloring the foot or base; an act which of course admits of 

 ready detection on the part of an experienced collector.t 



''Julien: Op. cit., pp. 21, 61. Hirtli: 0}). eit., pp. 13 et seq. 



t Julien: Op. eit, p. 69. Hirth: Op. cit, pp, 31 et seq. Busbell: Op. sit, Nos, 12, 

 16, 23, 25^27, 29, 32, 36, 67, 77, 



