664. 



EEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1888. 



from Ohio; 190, from Virginia; 191, serpentine, from New York; 192, 

 steatite, from Pennsylvania, highly polished, representing a lizard: 

 193, soapstone, from North Carolina: 194 is from Texas; 195 from a 

 mound in Kentucky. The latter is of compact limestone, and evidently 

 of high antiquity. Its form is somewhat peculiar, in that it is the fav- 

 orite among those who manufactured pipes from the catlinite or red 

 pipestone, and has been continued into recent times. No. 196 is from 

 Georgia; Nos. 198, 199 are made of clay, and were both found in Mad- 

 ison County, New York. 



Stone pipes of entirely different character are found in California. 

 They are represented by No. 197, of serpentine, from Santa Barbara 

 County. These were in the form of tubes of various sizes and lengths, 

 some of which are very large. Specimens have been found with a 

 piece of bone inserted in the tapering end and cemented with bitumen 

 for use as a mouth-piece, after the fashion in amber at the present day. 



Allied in appearance to the California pipes are tubes which may 

 have served as pipes, though neither in the instrument nor in the hole 

 drilled therein is there apparently any provision for insertion in the 

 mouth. The hole through the tube is sometimes biconical, having 

 been drilled from both ends, and is smaller in the center, but quite too 

 large at either end for the mouth. It has been suggested that these 

 wide-mouthed pipes might have had two reeds inserted, which, being 

 cemented with bitumen, were smoked through the nose. The smoke 

 would thus be inhaled into the lungs, and so have a more powerful in- 

 toxicating eliect. This, if true, might account for the small size of the 

 bowl in many Indian pipes, a smaller quantity of tobacco being re- 

 quired in this than in the usual mode of smoking. 



iW 



Fig. 37. 

 Tubes (fc). 



The material was soapstone, slate, and chlorite. Nos. 175 and 17C 

 are from Tennessee. 



The name "calumet pipes" has been given to those of large size 

 smoked with a stem and representing usually a bird, animal, and some- 

 times a human figure. They are thus called by the Indians on account 

 of their bulk and their use on occasions of great ceremony. 



No. 185 is one of the finest possessed by the Museum, and is from 

 Kentucky. 



