14 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. 
DISTRIBUTION AREAS 
Plate 4 
For the Tubinares, I recognize three different grades of 
distribution areas, namely, superarea, area, and subarea, 
based on the species at their breeding stations. A superarea 
or an area is distinguished by characteristic species, and a 
subarea by a peculiar association of any of the breeding 
species of an area. 
Superareas 
Two superareas are admitted, one embracing the Southern 
Hemisphere seas and all Galapagos waters, the other the 
Northern Hemisphere seas exclusive of Galapagos waters. 
The former is designated the Southern Superarea and the 
latter the Northern Superarea. The subjoined lists show the 
characteristic species. The preponderance of Southern Super- 
area species and the paucity of those common to both super- 
areas are apparent from a glance in these lists. 
Species breeding only in the Southern Superarea 
Pterodroma macroptera 
Pterodroma aterrima 
Pterodroma solandri 
Pterodroma inexpectata 
Pterodroma brevirostris 
Procellaria equinoctialis 
Procellaria parkinsoni 
Priofinus cinereus 
Puffinus gravis 
Puffinus creatopus 
Puffinus gavia 
Puffinus carneipes 
Puffinus griseus 
Puffinus tenuirostris 
Puffinus bulleri 
POceanodroma markhami 
Oceanodroma hornbyi 
Oceanites oceanicus 
Diomedea exulans 
Diomedea irrorata 
Thalassarche melanophris 
Thalassarche bulleri 
Thalassarche cauta 
Thalassarche culminata 
Thalassarche chlororhynchos 
Pheebetria palpebrata 
Macronectes giganteus 
Priocella antarctica 
Thalassoica antarctica 
Petrella capensis 
Halobena cerulea 
Pachyptila vittata 
Pagodroma nivea 
Bulweria macgillivrayi 
Pterodroma axillaris 
Pterodroma leucoptera 
Pterodroma brevipes Oceanites gracilis 
Pterodroma nigripennis Pealea lineata 
Pterodroma cooki Garrodia nereis 
Pterodroma externa Fregetta melanogaster 
Pterodroma cervicalis Fregetta grallaria 
Pterodroma lessoni Fregetta albigularis 
Pterodroma incerta Fregetta meoestissima 
Pterodroma neglecta Pelecanoides urinatrix 
Pterodroma rostrata Pelecanoides garnoti 
Pterodroma magente 
