JANUARY 18, 1901.] 
have had occasion to know in the conduct 
of the State Geological Survey of Maryland, 
the resources of several of the national 
bureaus, as well as the State and university 
institutions being at my disposal in the ad- 
vancement of the work. Any single one 
of these agencies, if alone employed, could 
not readily have accomplished the same- 
results. This is shown by the scope of the 
work which the local scientific bureau in 
most of our smaller States must necessarily 
embrace. Its investigations cannot be as 
fully differentiated as is possible in the case 
of the national bureaus, except by largely 
increased expenditure, seldom provided 
even by our richest States, and whether the 
organization is known as a geological survey 
or by some other name, it must naturally 
deal with the whole realm of the physical 
features of thecommonwealth. Itneed not, 
however, encroach upon the functions of 
other departments of the government and 
more particularly of its nearest associates, 
the more strictly agricultural institutions, 
but should, by the classification and map- 
ping of the soils which depend primarily 
on geological criteria, afford the foundation 
for agricultural work. But in this as well 
as in the topographic, hydrographic, mag- 
netic, climatic and forestry work, the re- 
lations of all of which to geology are more 
or less intimate, the aid of the national 
bureaus is essential, while the State bureau 
can be the medium by which the results 
may be presented to the local communities 
in a manner that would be difficult if not 
impossible for any institution of the central 
government. Each has a well-defined field 
of action and instead of conflicting can be 
of material advantage to the other. 
The same is true of the university and in 
even larger degree, for here are trained the 
specialists, who either in State or in national 
work can add much to the effectiveness of 
both, while the opportunities afforded by 
the latter for wider experience react on the 
SCIENCE. 
87 
university in many ways. The advantages 
offered the university instructor and student 
by cooperation in government explorations 
and surveys are only part of the increased 
opportunities which can result from this re- 
lationship. The various bureaus and divis- 
ions of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 
the U. S. Geological Survey and the U.S. 
Coast and Geodetic Survey are all manifest- 
ing a broad spirit of helpfulness that is being 
met by the state and university institutions. 
The possibilities of an extension of this co- 
operation between nation, state and univer- 
sity promise well for the widening of the 
bounds of scientific investigation in this 
country. It is indeed a hopeful sign when 
we see the scientific men of the nation, what- 
ever their affiliations, working together with 
mutual interest and respect. May it pre- 
sage the dawn of a still brighter day in 
American science. 
Wm. BuLtock CLarK. 
JOHNS HopKINS UNIVERSITY. 
Tue State and scientific research cover 
an enormous field—as broad as scientific 
research and as broad as government possi- 
bilities. The men who have spoken and 
are still to speak are specialists. They can 
speak theoretically of other matters, but 
more authoritatively of their own field. I 
am a specialist and shall therefore limit 
myself to ‘the State and zoology.’ By ‘the 
State’ I shall refer only to the general goy- 
ernment. 
In opening this discussion, Professor Os- 
born indicated two points upon which he 
expected me to speak. The one was the 
ultimate practical importance of pure sci- 
entific work from the standpoint of applied 
entomology, and the other was the prepara- 
tion of men by our colleges and universities 
especially for State work. In regard to the 
first topic, the case is so self-evident as to 
require little elaboration. It is upon work 
in pure science that the entire superstruc- 
