FEBRUARY 8, 1901.] 
ernmost limits. This fact argues strongly 
for a pre- Miocene Jand bridge between North 
and South America, just as the North 
American ancestry of the Edentata, as I 
have already pointed out, calls for a similar 
explanation. Had the conditions been fa- 
vorable, and the southern barriers been suf- 
ficient to arrest further progress, we could 
believe that through stress of environment 
a much higher type of monkey, and possi- 
bly a man, might have been evolved in the 
Western Hemisphere in the manner so in- 
geniously suggested by Duncan. But asitis 
the Cebide represent the highest expression 
of Simian development which has ever been 
attained on this continent. 
J. L. Worrman. 
YALE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM, 
January 23, 1901. 
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 
THE ninth annual meeting of the Associa- 
tion was held in Baltimore, December 27 and 
28, 1900, in affiliation with the American 
Society of Naturalists. The President of 
the Association, Professor Joseph Jastrow, 
was in the chair, and on the afternoon of the 
27th delivered the presidential address. At 
the business meeting held the same after- 
noon, Professor Josiah Royce was elected 
President of the Association for the ensu- 
ing year, and Professors J, Mark Baldwin 
and John Dewey were elected members of 
the Council for terms of three years. Sev- 
eral matters of interest were discussed at 
the business meeting. An invitation from 
President Harper to hold the next annual 
meeting at the University of Chicago was 
received and after full discussion it was 
voted unanimously that the invitation be 
accepted, power being given to the Council 
to arrange for the meeting. 
A committee of five was appointed to 
consider the question of undertaking in 
part the publication of Dr. J. H. Leuba’s 
proposed catalogue of psychological litera- 
SCIENCE. 
211 
ture and to report at the next meeting of 
the Association. 
A resolution was adopted that the Com- 
mittees of Arrangements of Foreign Con- 
gresses of Psychology be requested to confer 
with the American Psychological Associa- 
tion with regard to the American repre- 
sentation at such congresses and the par- 
ticipation of American members in their 
proceedings. 
Sessions for the reading of papers were 
held on the morning of the 27th and on both 
the morning and the afternoon of the 28th. 
Professor Jastrow’s presidential address 
was upon ‘Currents and Undercurrents in 
Psychology.’* The speaker took up in 
turn various aspects of modern psychology. 
After discussing the significance of the evo- 
lutionary conception of the science, he 
spoke of the three-fold mode of approach, 
viz., the genetic, the normal and the ab- 
normal, to many of its problems as being 
productive of interesting and valuable ad- 
vance, and outlined the advantages and 
limitations of each aspect. The contem- 
porary interest in certain functional com- 
plexes, notably reading and writing was 
noticed and the whole question of the prac- 
tical bearing of psychology was discussed, 
the speaker assuming a conservative posi- 
tion in the matter. ; 
At the first session on Thursday morning, 
Mr. Robert M. Yerkes, of Harvard, read a 
paper on ‘Habit Formation and Memory 
in Invertebrates and Lower Vertebrates.’ 
This was a preliminary report of some ex- 
perimental studies in animal psychology 
now being conducted in the Harvard Lab- 
oratory. The chief purposes of the work 
are (1) to determine to what extent, with 
what rapidity, and precisely how, animals 
learn ; (2) to test the permanency of any 
associations formed and (3) to make as 
many supplementary observations on the 
* Published in full in the Psychological Review for 
January, 1901. 
