FEBRUARY 22, 1901.] 
the well-being of one nation at the cost of 
another, the tendency to value one’s own 
Civilization as higher than that of the 
whole race of mankind, are the same as 
those which prompt the actions of primi- 
tive man, who considers every stranger as 
an enemy, and who is not satisfied until 
the enemy is killed. It is somewhat diffi- 
cult for us to recognize that the value 
which we attribute to our own civilization 
is due to the fact that we participate in 
this civilization, and that it has been con- 
trolling all our actions since the time of 
our birth; but it is certainly conceivable 
that there may be other civilizations, based 
perhaps on different traditions and on a 
different equilibrium of emotion and rea- 
son which are of no less value than ours, 
although it may be impossible for us to ap- 
preciate their values without having grown 
up under their influence. The general 
theory of valuation of human activities, as 
taught by anthropological research, teaches 
us a higher tolerance than the one which 
we now profess. 
Our considerations make it probable that _ 
the wide differences between the manifesta- 
tions of the human mind in various stages 
of culture may be due almost entirely to 
the form of individual experience, which 
is determined by the geographical and so- 
cial environment of the individual. It 
would seem that, in different races, the or- 
ganization of the mind is on the whole 
alike, and that the varieties of mind found 
in different races do not exceed, perhaps 
not even reach, the amount of normal in- 
dividual variation in each race. It has 
been indicated that, notwithstanding this 
similarity in the form of individual mental 
processes, the expression of mental activity 
of a community tends to show a character- 
istic historical development. From a com- 
parative study of these changes among the 
races of man is derived our theory of the 
general development of human culture. 
SCIENCE. 
289 
But the development of culéwre must not be 
confounded with the development of mind. 
Culture is an expression of the achieve- 
ments of the mind, and shows the cumula- 
tive effects of the activities of many minds. 
But it is not an expression of the organiza- 
tion of the minds constituting the com- 
munity, which may in no way differ from 
the minds of a community occupying a much 
more advanced stage of culture. 
FRANZ Boas. 
ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN ANATOMISTS. 
Tue fourteenth session of the Associa- 
tion of American Anatomists, meeting with 
the American Society of Naturalists and 
Affiliated Societies in Baltimore, Md., was 
held in the Anatomical Laboratory of the 
Johns Hopkins University, December 27 
and 28, 1900. ° 
The meeting was called to order, Decem- 
ber 27th at 10:20 a.m., by President George 
8. Huntington. 
The Executive Committee reported and 
recommended the names of eleven candi- 
dates for membership. Also a recommen- 
dation that at the discretion of the secre- 
tary the first five ‘ Proceedings,’ now out of 
print, should be reprinted. Also a recom- 
mendation that the Association endorse the 
proposition for the establishment of a psy- 
cho-physical laboratory in the Bureau of 
Education, Washington, D. C. 
By unanimous consent the secretary cast 
the ballot for the nominees for membership. 
The Association also authorized the sec- 
retary to reprint the five ‘ Proceedings’ as 
recommended. The recommendation to en- 
dorse the psycho-physical laboratory was not 
agreed to and was referred to a committee 
to be appointed by the president to report 
at a future meeting. It was discussed un- 
favorably by Drs. Holmes and Hrdlicka. 
The Secretary made his yearly report, 
which stated, among other things, that he 
had in hand copies of the ‘ Proceedings’ 
