344 
Tertiary precursor of man, devoting twelve 
chapters to it. The accounts of the discoveries 
at Thenay, Saint Prest and Puy-Courny, in 
France; Otta, Portugal; Yenangyoung, Upper 
Burma, and as core of others are faithfully re- 
viewed. ; 
The Calaveras skullis rejected. The deposit 
in which it was said to have been found is 
Quaternary instead of Tertiary, and the skull, 
besides being of doubtful origin, bears not a 
single mark of antiquity. Neither are the hu- 
man remains from Olmo, Colle del Vento and 
Castenedolo, Italy, accepted as Pliocene. 
The chapter on fossil monkeys closes with 
Pithecanthropus erectus, which is considered the 
immediate precursor of man. The authors 
conclude that while man did not exist during 
the Tertiary, there did exist precursors of man 
more intelligent than any of the living anthro- 
poids. 
Part second is devoted to the Early Quater- 
nary, which, according to de Mortillet, corre- 
sponds to the Paleolithic period. The method 
of treatment here is less didactic than in the 
earlier editions, the subject matter being grouped 
under the following headings : 
I. Industry, or Technology. 
II. Man, or Anthropology. 
III. Fauna, or Zoology. 
IV. Flora, or Botany. 
V. Geology. 
VI. Geography. 
The first successful attempt to establish a sci- 
entific system of relative chronology for prehis- 
toric times was made by Thomsen of Copen- 
hagen, in 1836. Of the subsequent writers who 
have contributed to the elaboration of Thom- 
sen’s triple division, Gabriel de Mortillet un- 
questionably ranks first. His classification is 
very generally accepted, and ought to be familiar 
to every one who wishes to keep abreast of ar- 
cheological literature. 
De Mortillet’s system is based on the devel- 
opment of human industry, the successive steps 
of which are grouped under epochs. Following 
the method of nomenclature adopted by the 
geologist, he has given to each epoch the name 
of some well-known locality where the culture- 
stage in question is to be found in its purity. 
The six epochs into which the Paleolithic 
SCLENOE. 
[N.S. Von. XIII. No. 322. 
period is divided, beginning with the oldest, 
are: Chellean, Acheulian, Mousterian, Solu- 
tréan, Magdalenian, and Tourasséan, the Acheu- 
lian and Tourasséan being regarded merely as 
epochs of transition. 
After tracing the steps in the industrial evo- 
lution of the Paleolithic period, the authors 
pass in review all the discoveries of fossil hu- 
man bones supposed to belong to the same 
period. The existence of two races is recognized 
—an earlier, referred to the first three epochs 
of the Paleolithic period and called Neanderthal, 
and a later, referred to the last three epochs of 
the same period and named Laugerian, or race 
of Laugerie-Basse. The Laugerian race is de- 
rived from the Neanderthal without intermix- 
ture from any foreign source. The transition 
may be traced in the human remains from Arey, 
Eguisheim, Marcilly and Bréchamps. 
Acting on the safe principle that it is better 
to discard correct testimony than to accept 
doubtful, of the 33 discoveries of human re- 
mains attributed to the lower half of the Paleo- 
lithic, 18 are discarded altogether, 4 are put 
in the doubtful list, and only 11 classed as 
authentic. Those accepted are: Neanderthal 
in Prussia, and Eguisheim in Alsace; La Nau- 
lette and Spy in Belgium; Tilbury and Bury 
Saint Edmunds, England; Denise, Marcilly, 
Bréchamps, Malarnaud and Arcy, in France. 
The doubtful are: Canstadt, in Wurtemberg ; 
Brix, Bohemia; Schipka, Moravia ; Hamilton, 
Treland. Those to be discarded are: Nagy-Sap, 
Hungary; Brian and Predmost, in Moravia; 
Podbaba, Bohemia; Stangendis, Sweden; Gay- 
lenreuth, Lahrand Bolwiller, Germany ; Engis, 
Belgium; Maestricht, Holland; Kirkdale, Vic- 
troia Cave and Galley Hill, England ; Moulin- 
Quignon, Clichy, Grenelle, Gravenoire and Hs- 
talas, France. 
Of the human remains attributed to the second 
half of the Paleolithic period, the authentic 
are: the skeletons of Laugerie-Basse, Chance- 
lade and Sorde inférieur, all in France. A 
number of finds, including Cro-Magnon, Fur- 
fooz and Baoussé-Roussé are classed as Neo- 
lithic sepultures. 
Ten chapters are devoted to the contempo- 
rary fauna, and three to the flora. The ques- 
tion of the domestication of animals is decided 
