450 SCLENCE. [N. 8S. Vou. XIII. No. 325. 
before the end of the first semester. Itthus right, and Fittig not far wrong, when they 
becomes the ground work of, and prepara- 
tory to, all the important work which in 
those great institutions must follow it. 
And finally, the technical chemist of 
the near future must be trained in the 
principles and practises of engineering, 
trained to make and operate the mechan- 
ical means for carrying out effectively the 
chemical reactions of the industries in a 
large way. For, after all, these reactions 
differ only in degree from those of the re- 
search and preparation laboratories, and if 
in the latter the students must be trained 
in making and assembling the forms of 
apparatus for use in the various operations 
of pulverizing, separating, roasting and in- 
cineration, solution, precipitation, separa- 
tion of solids and liquids, washing, drying, 
and care of precipitates and crystals, the 
production and control of heat, the transfer 
of solids and liquids, the production and 
application of vacuum, evaporation and dis- 
tillation, the conditions of crystallization, 
ete., in the small way in the laboratories, 
he must be taught to apply all these and 
more, in the large way in the works. 
Indeed, the only difference between the 
two may be comprised in the terms micro- 
chemistry and macro-chemistry ; chemistry 
and the operations belonging to chemistry, 
carried on in a small way with limited or 
small quantities or volumes ; handling solids 
and liquids in quantities of a few grams 
or a few cubic centimeters, or liters, on the 
one hand, or of tons of solids and thousands 
of gallons of liquid on the other. How, for 
instance, would the chemist untrained in 
the principles of engineering proceed in 
handling materials in quantities involving 
several tons of solid matters and 30,000 to 
50,000 gallons of liquid in a single charge ?— 
a requirement not uncommon in the modern 
industries and sure to be more common in 
the future industry. In his day, perhaps, 
the great Liebig was right and Wobler was 
maintained that with a thorough knowledge 
of the principles and laws of chemistry, all 
else in the industry involving their applica- 
tion would be easy. It is possible that the 
genius of the young operator would come to 
his aid and enable him ultimately to devise 
means to meet his ends, but time and labor 
must be saved by training in the methods, 
whereby such means may be established 
and a knowledge of means already at hand 
acquired. The authoress of a late popular 
work of fiction was right when she said, 
‘untrained genius is a terrible waste of 
power,’ and though it may not be as appli- 
cable here as in an earlier paragraph, she 
was also right when she said in the same 
connection, ‘‘So many persons think that 
if they have a spark of genius, they can 
do without culture ; while really it is be- 
cause they havea spark of genius that they 
ought to be and are worthy to be cultivated 
to the highest point.” And this applies to 
the chemists who must operate in a large 
way and with large masses of matter, either 
solid or liquid. 
In a discussion of this subject in Eng- 
land, where perhaps more than elsewhere 
in the world the need of engineering ca- 
pacity on the part of chemists has been 
most keenly felt, and where, on the other 
hand, engineering capacity, embodied in 
such men as Mond, Bell, Muspratt, Weldon, 
Perkin and Chance, has brought forth such 
splendid results. Ivan Levingtein, himself 
a leader in the industry, said: ‘It must 
also be palpable that a chemist intended for 
industrial work, who, along with sound 
training in chemistry, has also acquired a 
fair knowledge of chemical engineering, 
must be better fitted for his work than the 
man who is only practically acquainted with 
the handling of china basins, phials or a 
Liebig’s condenser.’’ And in the same dis- 
cussion Watson Smith endorsed ‘‘ what had 
been said as to the importance of teaching 
