456 
work in fairly similar ways under like 
stimuli; and (5) enlightened minds are es- 
sentially ratiocinative, largely independent 
of instinct, and less uniform in their re- 
sponses to external stimuli than those of 
lower culture. The several generalizations 
are mutually and significantly harmonious ; 
they combine to outline a course of devel- 
opment beginning in the animal realm with 
organisms adapted to environment through 
physiologic processes, and ending in that 
realm of enlightened humanity in which 
mind molds environment through nature- 
conquest ;* and they measure the gradual 
mergence of bestial instinct in the brighten- 
ing intellect of progressive humanity. To, 
or at least toward, this platform those 
working anthropologists concerned with the 
broader aspects of the science have been 
pressed by accumulating observations and 
generalizations; yet the platform owes 
much of its character and most of its 
strength to the concurrent development of 
a scientific psychology at the hands of a 
notable group of experimentalists in psychic 
phenomena. The several generalizations 
embodied in the platform have already been 
summarized as the latest and most compre- 
hensive among the principles of science, 
2. €., the responsivity of mind; + and by aid 
of this principle, psychic homologies may be 
traced between higher culture-grades and 
lower, and from people to people and tribe 
to tribe, down to the plane of lowest sav- 
agery—where the lines cease for lack of 
data, leaving the lowly mind in a state even 
* (Of. ‘The Seri Indians,’ Seventeenth Annual Re- 
port, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1898, p. 269. 
T ‘‘ The cardinal principles of science may be reck- 
oned as five: the indestructibility of matter, the con- 
tribution chiefly of Chemistry ; the persistence of 
motion, the gift mainly of physics ; the development 
of species, the offering of the biotic sciences ; the uni- 
formity of nature, the guerdon of geology and the 
older sciences; and the responsivity of mind, the 
joint gift of several sciences, though put in final form 
by anthropology.’’ Proceedings of the Washington 
Academy of Sciences, Vol. II., 1900, pp. 11-12. 
SCIENCE. 
[N.S. Vou. XIII. No. 225. 
more suggestively akin to that of the sub- 
human organism than is the lowest human 
skeleton to that of the highest anthropoids. 
Especially within the last decade of the 
old century, anthropologists have come to 
recognize a course of development of the 
esthetic arts—a sort of natural history of 
esthetics, arising in symbolism, running 
through conventionism, and maturing in a 
degree of refined realism found satisfying 
by civilized and enlightened peoples. Now 
a significant feature of this development is 
found in the fact that the initial symbol- 
ism is zoic or animistic, putatively if not 
patently. The esthetic hunger of primitive 
artists is sated by the carving of totems on 
reefs or rocks, by the molding of animal 
effigies, perhaps by the delineation and 
painting of zoic pictographs; as the artists 
rise in the scale of culture the zoic designs 
are partly conventionized (eventually pass- 
ing into arbitrary alphabets), partly perpet- 
uated in more realistic forms still conceived 
as fraught with mystical meaning, like the 
asp of Egyptian sculpture, the dragon of 
oriental painting, the curiously vestigial 
unicorn of a modern nation’s coat-of-arms, 
and even the eagles of other national in- 
signia. So, also, when primal man first 
yields to the charm of music, his songs and 
accompaniments mimic the rhythmic foot- 
falls of feared or venerated animals, the 
rustling sounds of animal movements, the 
inchoate melody of animal voices ; when he 
enters the demesne of drama, his characters 
are beasts or uncanny monsters tricked 
out in zoic trappings; and it is only after 
long stages of development that anthropo- 
morphic motives are introduced, and that 
the music and drama rise to the plane of 
realistic representation. In some cases, 
if not commonly, the germ of esthetic de- 
velopment quickens in painting of face or 
body, to grow into tattooing; in simplest 
form the painted devices may serve as 
