MARcH 22, 1901.] 
beacon-marks for the identification of kin- 
dred (like the face-marks of various ani- 
mals), as among Seri matrons,* or may 
Symbolize fearsome animals, as among 
Sioux warriors; but in every well-known 
case the motive is symbolic expression of 
zoic attributes. From these germinal ef- 
forts of esthetic faculty to that modern 
stage of art in which the noblest realism 
and the highest idealism are wedded, the 
way is long; but every step is marked by 
the dropping of zoic motives and the substi- 
tution of motives springing from human 
attributes and aspirations. 
Within a few years working anthropolo- 
_gists have come to recognize more or less 
clearly a natural history of industries, com- 
parable with that of arts—a course of de- 
velopment also arising in symbolism, run- 
ning through instinct-guided convention- 
ism, and maturing in that sublimest product 
of mentality, invention. Ithas long been 
known that barbaric artisans seek omens 
among birds, borrow lore from beasts, and 
run to zoic motives in decoration ;} it has 
long been known, too, that savage hunts- 
men not only imitate the movements of 
feral animals in the chase and seek to incite 
their weapons and strengthen their arms 
by zoic trophies, but even mimic the carniy- 
ores’ blood-craze in berserker rage at times 
of battle; and more recently it has been 
noted that the most primitive implements 
are of tooth, claw, shell and bone, selected 
and used as emblems of zoic power. In a 
typical tribe—the Seri, most primitive of 
known Amerinds—the pristine implement 
is a sea-lion tooth, differentiated into arrow, 
harpoon and fire-stick ; the teeth themselves 
are classed as stones, and natural pebbles 
*The somatic and telic functions of face-painting 
are discussed in ‘The Seri Indians,’ op. cit.,{pp. 167 
et sec. 
+ Even the faith-guided anti-zoic motive of ara- 
besque decoration attests the force of the zoic tend- 
ency and the effect required to divert it. 
SCIENCE. 
457 
are used for tools emblematic of the zoic 
organs, while the methods of chase and war- 
fare still mimic the habits of local beasts. 
The lines of human progress from primal 
savagery to enlightenment may be traced 
in terms of development of each or all of 
the great groups of activities ; and while all 
the tracings conform so closely as to inspire 
confidence in each, no outline is more defi- 
nite than that represented by the stages of 
industrial progress—stages best defined in 
terms of the mind-led activities of which 
artifacts are normal products. These stages 
(beginning with that typified by the Seri) 
are: (1) Zoomimice, in which bestial organs 
are used as arrows and other implements, 
to which magical powers are imputed by 
dominating zootheistic faith; (2) Proto- 
lithic, in which naturally formed stones are 
used for cleavers and other implements, 
under the sway of mystical faith modified 
by experience of mechanical chance; (3) 
Technolithic, in which design-shaped stones 
are used for knives and other implements 
in ways revealing the germ of inven- 
tion ; and (4) Metallurgic, in which ores 
are smelted and used for tools under the in- 
fluence of invention.* Whether the progress 
be traced through these stages or otherwise, 
the way from the simple industries of the 
prime to the elaborate devices of modernity 
is long, very long; yet a full half of the 
steps are marked by the dropping of zoic 
motives and the substitution of motives ex- 
pressing man’s growing consciousness of 
power in nature-conquest. 
Since. Tylor traced primitive culture, and 
especially since Morgan wrote on ‘ Ancient 
Society’ (1877), it has been recognized that 
all known primitive peoples are banded in 
consanguineal groups, while advanced peo- 
ples are bound in larger groups by laws 
defining proprietary and personal rights; 
*The stages and transitional sub-stages are set 
forth in greater detail in ‘The Seri Indians,’ op. cit., 
pp. 249-254, 
