460 
aborigines of strong individuality. The 
impressive fact, learned alike through ob- 
servation of a typical tribe and through 
analysis of the mental operations of prim- 
itive peoples in general, is that the savage 
stands strikingly close to sub-human species 
in every aspect of mentality as well as in 
bodily habits and bodily structures. 
Since Huxley’s prime the chief advances 
in anthropology have related to what men 
do and what men think; and the progress 
has been such as to indicate with fairly 
satisfactory clearness the natural history 
of human thinking as well as that of human 
doing. Thereby man’s place in nature may 
be defined more trenchantly than was pos- 
sible in 1871: (1) As shown by Huxley, 
the structure of Homo sapiens is homologous 
with that of lower orders, while the mor- 
phologic differences between highest anthro- 
poids and lowest men are less than those 
separating lowest men from highest men ; 
(2) As suggested by Huxley and estab- 
lished by later researches, the activities of 
Homo sapiens are homologous with those of 
the anthropoids, while the activital range 
between club-using gorilla and tooth-using 
savage is far narrower than that separating 
the zoomimic savage from the engine-us- 
ing inventor; (3) As shown by the latest 
researches, the mental workings of Homo sa- 
piens are homologous with those of lower 
animals, while the range from the instinct 
and budding reason of higher animals to 
the thinking of lowest man would seem far 
Jess than that separating the beast-fearing 
savage from the scientist or statesman. 
The resemblances and differences in doing 
and thinking may not yet be measured in 
definite units, as are cranial capacities and 
facial angles (though the recent progress in 
experimental psychology gives promise of 
quantitative determinations of general sort 
at no distant day); yet the relations are 
hardly less clear and tangible than those 
SCIENCE. 
[N. 8S. Vou. XIII. No. 325. 
customarily measured in inches and ounces 
and degrees. 
So, in the light of the latest researches, 
man must be placed wholly within the do- 
main of nature, yet above all other organ- 
isms at heights varying widely with that 
highest product and expression of nature, 
mental power. 
W J MoGuez. 
THOMAS BENTON BROOKS. 
Tuomas Benton Brooks was born June 
15, 1836, at Monroe, N. Y. He died No- 
vember 22, 1900, at his home near New- 
burg, only a few miles from his birthplace, 
but during the sixty-four years of his life 
he had gone far, not only to distant coun- 
tries but also to fields of experience and 
thought remote from his early environment. 
Born to the associations and inheritance of 
a small farm in a country district, he made 
his. way to a prominent position in engi- 
neering and geology by his energy, ability 
and originality. 
His early training and also his later edu- 
cation embodied more/practise than theory: 
The district school, two years (1856-58) at 
the School of Engineering, Union College 
and a single course of lectures on geology 
under Lesley at the University of Pennsyl- 
vania (1858-59,) cover his formal education, 
but he seized with eager purpose opportuni- 
ties to learn in the school of practise. By 
observation of field methods he fitted him- 
self to pass from axeman to rodman, level- 
man, transit man and topographer, first on 
surveys for the Erie Railroad and later on 
the newly initiated topographical and geo- 
logical surveys of New Jersey in 1853. In 
this latter connection he served as axeman 
to an Austrian who employed a then little- 
known instrument, a plane table, and 
Brooks by watching him became so profi- 
cient in its use that he succeeded his chief. 
He was then seventeen. Subsequently, 
while a student at Union College, he made 
