544 
the retort, and from 2,000,000 to 4,000,000 feet 
of logs. The fullest possible utilization of the 
entire product down to the branchwood, two 
inches in diameter, has been accomplished, and 
even the brushwood has been employed to some 
extent in the production of wood alcohol and in 
other ways. 
That so extensive a series of operations 
should have been embodied in an actual sys- 
tem of forestry, for which there are no existing 
models, that a market should have been created 
and the experiment conducted with good pros- 
pect of being self-supporting from the start; 
that in a country thus far without schools of 
forestry that could be drawn upon for trained 
men, and with the practical difficulties attend- 
ing the importation of foreign specialists, it has 
been possible to equip and conduct such a 
school and forest, is sufficient testimony to the 
ability of the director, who, in the face of extraor- 
dinary difficulties, has successfully conducted 
an undertaking never before attempted, and 
one of immense importance and promise. 
Aside from its value to the State of New 
York, which has liberally maintained it, the 
establishment of the school and the College 
Forest is a matter of great moment to such 
other States as are immediately concerned with 
forestry problems and are contemplating neces- 
sary legislation. V. M. SPALDING. 
Zoological Results based on Material from New 
Britain, New Guinea, Loyalty Islands and else- 
where, collected during the years 1895, 1896 
and 1897, by Arthur Willey. Cambridge, 
Eng., the University Press. 4to. Part IV. 
1900. Pp. viii 174; pls. 20. 
The fourth part of Dr. Willey’s ‘ Zoological 
Results’ contains ten contributions covering a 
wide range of topics. The first is by J. S. 
Gardiner and deals witha supposed new species 
of coral, Cenopsammia willeyi. A very full 
description of the anatomy of this animal is 
given and some interesting conclusions concern- 
ing its germ layers are drawn. The actinozoa 
are usually described as covered externally 
with ectoderm, which at the mouth is reflected 
inward so as to line the gullet. From the inner 
end of the gullet the ectoderm is continued as 
mesenteric filaments over the free edges of the 
SCIENCE. 
[N.S. Vou. XIII. No. 327. 
mesenteries. The walls of the gastrovascular 
cavity are usually said to be lined with ento- 
derm. Gardiner points out that digestion does 
not take place in the gastrovascular cavity of 
these animals, but in the so-called gullet whose 
deep end is imperfectly closed by the mesenteric 
filaments. The cell lining of the gastrovascular 
spaces, instead of being concerned with diges- 
tion is made up of epithelial muscle cells and 
of genital cells. These conditions have led 
Gardiner to redefine the limits of the germ 
layers in the anthozoa. The layer covering 
the exterior of the animal is the ectoderm. At 
the mouth the ectoderm is continuous with the 
layer lining the gullet and giving rise to the 
mesenteric filaments. As these are the parts 
chiefly concerned in digestion, this layer is the 
entoderm. The lining of the gastrovascular 
cavity, muscular and reproductive in character, 
is the mesoderm. Thus the actinozoan is not a 
diplo-blastic, but a truly triplo-blastic animal. 
The paper is well illustrated and the two 
text figures which show the relations of the 
calcareous skeleton to the soft parts in Cenop- 
sammia will be welcomed by teachers in general 
as well as by students of the corals. 
The second contribution is a report on the 
insects of New Britain, by D. Sharp. It consists 
of notes on some fifteen species of beetles, and 
on several bees, wasps, and flies. One of the 
wasps collected, probably Polistes colonicus, 
had the strange habit of laying several eggs in 
a cell, though in the end only one mature in- 
sect emerged from each cell. How the super- 
numerary larvee were disposed of and whether 
this habit was an individual peculiarity or a 
characteristic of the species were not deter- 
mined. 
Borradaile’s account of the crustaceans shows 
that eighty-two species of stomatopods and 
macrurans were collected and that twenty of 
these were new to science. 
The slugs were studied by W. H. Collinge, 
from whose work it appears that six species 
were found, two of which were new. One of 
these, Veronicella’ willeyi, is made the basis of 
a full anatomical study. 
According to E. G. Philipps sixty-three species 
of Polyzoa were collected, of which nine were 
new. lL. R. Thornely notes thirteen species of 
