648 
Illustrations of the dependence of indus- 
try on pure science are everywhere at hand. 
When, as an amateur in photography, I 
take up a package of eikonogen. or hydro- 
quinon, the label with the name of one of 
the great aniline factories of Germany, at 
Elberfield, Mannheim or Berlin, reminds 
me of the debt of the Farbenfabriken to men 
of research. To the chemist is not only 
due the discovery of my developers, and of 
such other by-products as antipyrine, co- 
caine, saccharine and vanilline; it was he 
who first found in the black amorphous coal 
tar, the former refuse of the gas works, those 
brilliant crystalline dyes which have so 
largely replaced other colors in the dye 
vats of the world. So far as I am aware, 
no monument has been raised to these dis- 
coverers, to Hoffman, Graebe and Lieber- 
mann. In amore telling way industry ac- 
knowledges her debt to pure science when 
a great aniline factory such as that at El- 
berfield employs sixty professional chem- 
ists, and turns the attention of twenty-six 
of them to pure research in discovery of 
new compounds. 
Science has thus given society command 
of energies of the highest efficiency. It has 
made the comforts of .life common and 
cheap, it has lifted from the shoulders of 
labor its heaviest burdens and set free for 
higher social services all who are capable 
of their performance. It is the undimin- 
ishing fountain whence flows the world’s 
material wealth. 
The evolution of the circulatory system 
in the body physiologic suggests a similar 
development in the body social. The proc- 
ess which during the geologic ages slowly 
changed the primitive gastro-vascular cav- 
ity to the perfected circulation of the higher 
animals to-day, which evolved from a simple 
pulsating tube the powerful four-chambered 
heart, may at least serve as a simile to the 
evolution of the distributory or transporta- 
tive system of modern society. So obvious 
SCIENCE. 
[N. S. Vou. XIII. No. 330. 
is the analogy that the arteries of commerce 
is a phrase of common parlance. But for 
our purpose it will not be necessary to 
carry the likeness into details, to discrimi- 
nate, aS some ingenious sociologists have 
done, the various organs, such as the capil- 
laries of the body social, or to liken the red 
corpuscles of the blood to the golden discs 
of the circulating medium. Let it suffice 
to show that by the application of the dis- 
coveries of science society has obtained a 
system incomparably rapid and effective for 
the distribution of power, of food and of 
all the products of labor. 
The world is enmeshed by lines of rail- 
way and steamship. They carry the prod- 
ucts of our Iowa farms to western Hurope, to 
South Africa and to China. To our dinner 
tables they bring in return linen from Ire- 
land, porcelain from France, cutlery from 
old England and silverware from New Eng- 
land, meats and fruits from States as distant 
as Texas, California and Florida, spices 
from the East Indies, and beverages from 
Japan and Java and the valley of the 
Amazon. In the United States alone there 
are now in operation nearly 200,000 miles 
of railway carrying each year a billion tons 
of freight and five hundred and fifty millions 
of passengers. 
The carriage of power is accomplished 
at present almost wholly by the transporta- 
tion of fuel. The value of this service may 
be seen by contrast with some railroadless 
country such as China, where, according to 
Colquhon, coal selling at the mine at fifteen 
cents per ton costs as many dollars ten miles 
away. But the future doubtless has in 
store the distribution of power as an article 
of merchandise. The possibility of long- 
distance transmission of electricity has al- 
ready been demonstrated at Niagara, and 
the time may be near when in our cities 
power from coalfield or waterfall may be 
purchased for use in factory and home as 
readily as water or gas to-day. 
