652 
special arts and crafts. To Volta’s re- 
searches {in his villa on Lake Como five 
million men now employed in the many 
various arts connected with electricity owe 
in a measure their livelihood. In promot- 
ing the development of the complex organs 
of society for the handling of energy, for 
distribution, and for communication, science 
has constantly been a differentiating force. 
By the same means it is accomplishing a 
more and more complete integration. The 
separate life of primitive society, the old 
personal independence, is gone. In the new 
order all social units and aggregations are 
interdependent. Weareall members of one 
body. We must not ignore the purely psy- 
chic factors of social progress, but these alone 
could not maintain the new order apart 
from the physical basis built by science, 
itself a psychic factor. Were this support 
withdrawn, it would seem that over large 
areas now occupied by civilization, society 
must lapse and break into fragments fast 
degenerating into the state of the villages 
of the Russian plain, the scattered com- 
munities of the southern Appalachians or 
even to the pueblos of Arizona. 
As we have spoken of the service of sci- 
ence in promoting the physical well-being 
of society, there remain of Professor Gid- 
dings’s notes of social progress only the 
evolution of rational conduct and the con- 
sciousness of kind. These phenomena are 
involved in the evolution of the social mina. 
Here science acts directly and also by the 
reflex of the social organism. The organic 
unity of society is the ground for the ex- 
pansion of the consciousness of kind. The 
social ties woven by science help to pro- 
duce a wider social sympathy. Under the 
régime of science the barriers of the mark 
break down everywhere to make way for 
the market, and with their downfall the 
provincialism, indifference and hate of once 
separated peoples pass away. Science has 
created, as we have seen, a new physical en- 
SCIENCE. 
[N.S. Vou. XIII. No. 330. 
vironment which reacts constantly on the 
social mind, awakening from torpor, stimu- 
lating to greater activity, demanding a 
more alert attention, and a precision and 
swiftness of movement before unknown. 
Still more directly is science creating an 
intellectual milieu whose influence on the 
social mind is as inescapable as is that of cli- 
mate on the physical life. The world of our 
forefathers, how close its confines, how dark 
and shadowy, how uncertain and untrue, 
compared with the illimitable sphere which 
science now fills with her clear light. It 
is a universe, not a multiverse, the new 
world which science apperceives. It is a 
world of law, in which each event has ade- 
quate cause; the expression of one imma- 
nent energy operating across all widths of 
space and throughout all lengths of time, 
without loss or increment, and without 
variableness or shadow of turning; an 
eternal becoming an evolving order which 
comprehends the growth and decay alike 
of solar systems and of the humblest of liv- 
ing creatures. It is of this new world that 
the two master Victorian poets, inspired by 
both the scientific and the religious spirit, 
have written : ; 
All’s law, but all’s love. 
and, 
One God, one law, one element, 
And one far off divine event 
To which the whole creation moves. 
The effect of these new cosmic concep- 
tions of science penetrates every depart- 
ment of learning and every field of life. It 
revolutionizes society. It rationalizes the 
social mind. It has swept to the limbo 
of things that are not the sprites of evil 
which affrighted our forefathers. In this 
science has done a work which neither 
literature nor art nor religion nor ethical 
culture has proved itself able to accomplish. 
It was the pious Melancthon, the gentle 
scholar of the Reformation, who at Heidel- 
burg saw in falling stars only the paths of 
