658 
direct influence of Germany’s greatest mor- 
phologist, Johannes Muller, and of Jacob 
Henle. The latter brought him to the study 
of the microscopic anatomy of the human 
body, and so started him upon the career of in- 
vestigations, which, sixty-two years later, he is 
still pursuing. It is an interesting coincidence 
that Kolliker’s career began in 1839, the very 
year in which Schwann established the cell 
doctrine for animals, so that he has lived 
through the whole period of the application of 
that doctrine to the problems of morphology, 
physiology and pathology, and has, during this 
epoch, achieved the remarkable distinction of 
having contributed more than any other single 
investigator to our knowledge of the cellular 
_ structure of animals. It is difficult to realize 
* Bor many of the fundamental facts of micro- 
“scopic anatomy, even of those which have been 
taught in elementary text-books for forty or 
fifty years, we owe to the discoveries of KG6l- 
liker. 
In 1841, he became assistant to Henle, who 
was then at Zurich. In 1844 he was promoted 
to be professor extraordinarius of physiology. 
The conditions at Zurich were unsatisfactory, 
so that in 1847 he accepted a call to Wurzburg, ‘ 
where he has since remained, for over half a 
century. In 1848 he married Maria Schwarz, 
of Mellingen, in Switzerland. 
The volume gives a list of the celebrations in 
which the author took part, and a list also of 
all the medals, prizes and other honors which 
have been bestowed upon him. There are also 
accounts of his journeys, several of which took 
him to the sea-shore for purposes of research. 
The accounts are chiefly in the form of letters, 
written at the time, and they include a great 
number of interesting impressions of famous 
scientific men which offer valuable material for 
the history of science during the century. 
There are three portraits of the author—that 
which forms the frontispiece is an admirable 
likeness of the handsome and intellectual face. 
Another full-page illustration is a photograph 
of the carved box which was made for the con- 
gratulatory address presented to K6lliker on 
his eightieth birthday. 
The second part of the work enumerates his 
activities as a university teacher and adminis- 
SCIENCE. 
The Woodpeckers. 
[N.'S. Vou. XIII. No. 330: 
trator, including the various courses of lectures 
he has delivered. Next follows the annotated 
catalogue of his publications, classified with 
considerable care. The annotations are often 
explanatory of the origin and purposes of the 
separate publications and of the standpoint of 
the author at the time. Other notes define the 
share of an essay in developing and fixing 
scientific conclusions. Finally one encounters, 
apropos of several articles in the catalogue, 
additional new observations recorded, which 
serve to correct and amplify the original 
record. Some of these observations are illus- 
trated by new figures also. In brief, there is - 
scientific matter included, which is here pub- 
lished for the first time. 
Kolliker’s ‘Erinnerungen’ is different in 
many respects from the usual autobiography, 
but is certainly a remarkable contribution to 
the record of the general condition and progress 
of science during the second half of last cen- 
tury. CHARLES 8. Minot. 
The Bird Book. By FANNIE HARDY ECKSTORM. fp 
Boston: D. C. Heath & Co. 1901. 12mo. Pp/ 
xii 276; 24 pls., map, and 31 figs. in text. 
STORM. With Illustrations. Boston and New 
York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1901. 12mo., 
pp. viii + 182; 5 col. pls., 21 figs. in text. — 
The time was, not many decades ago, when 
the young student of ornithology was, of neces- 
sity, self-taught, learning almost wholly by his 
own unaided observation in the field. Nowa- 
days the demands of a multitude of would-be 
learners for short and easy paths to knowledge 
have led to the making of many books, that 
serve, at least, to show how hard it is for books 
alone to give the beginner the training he 
needs. How to observe carefully and thor- 
oughly, and how to interpret what one sees, 
are not readily learned, except by the hard 
school of experience. 
In these two volumes Mrs. Eckstorm has toa 
remarkable degree succeeded, where some of 
her predecessors have failed, and surely has 
gone far toward accomplishing the seemingly 
impossible. Even abstruse technicalities and 
fundamental biological principles are stated so 
clearly and simply that a child easily may com- 
By FANNIE Harpy Ecr } 
wth 
