APRIL 26, 1901.] 
tic race. Thisis that very broad relationship, 
to a slight extent physical, to a somewhat 
greater extent mental and social, of those re- 
lated ethnic-races that speak languages de- 
rived from a common ancient tongue. Ex- 
amples are, the Aryan glottic-race, including 
the Celtic, Teutonic, Latin and other ethnic- 
races; the Semitic glottic-race, and the Ham- 
itic glottic-race. K, is chromatic race, that 
extremely wide and vague relationship, which 
includes related glottic-races marked by the 
same color. Examples are, the white chro- 
matic-race, which includes the Aryan, Semitic 
and Hamitic glottic-races; the yellow chro- 
matic-race, which includes the various glottic- 
races known as Mongolian or Turanian ; the 
brown, the red and the black chromatic- 
races. K, is cephalic-race, or that widest re- 
lationship which includes chromatic-races of 
like cephalic index. The distinction about 
which I feel most doubt is this between chro- 
matic and cephalic race. Remembering that, 
according to this scheme, variability and mul- 
tiplicity of specific characteristics produced by 
differentiation should increase as we proceed 
backward from K, to K,, I think that prob- 
ably cephalic index is rightly placed as K, and 
color as K, because, in the organic world in 
general, coloring seems to be a less stable 
characteristic than anatomical structure. The 
compound terms which I have here introduced 
are admittedly clumsy, but they have the ad- 
vantage of conveying precise meanings. If a 
writer speaks of ‘race’ without a qualifying 
word, his reader must guess at his meaning. 
If he says, ‘cephalic-race,’ ‘chromatic-race,’ 
“glottic-race,’ the meaning cannot be mis- 
taken.’’ 
_ In reply to a question Professor Giddings 
said that the clan is developed between K, and 
K, and the tribe between K, and K;. 
The following paper was read by Mr. Stans- 
bury Hagar, on the ‘Wards of Cuzco.’ The 
speaker presented a portion of the evidence 
collected by him which tends to show that the 
twelve so-called wards of Cuzco, the ancient 
capital of the Inca Empire, were the terrestrial 
representatives of the signs of the Peruvian 
zodiac. The evidence bearing on this hypothe- 
sis is divided into four main classes. In the 
SCIENCE. 
663 
first place, the system of ‘mamas,’ under 
which the Peruvians regarded every material 
object as merely a product of the real spiritual 
essence of which it was the expression, gave 
rise to au attempt to imitate on earth the fea- 
tures of the world above as observed in the 
heavens. This system, in turn, resulted in the 
production of an elaborate ritual, the features 
of which, each month, corresponded with the 
supposed attributes of the ‘mama’ which gov- 
erned the corresponding sign through which 
the sun was passing during that month. The 
ideas associated with the ‘mamas’ are shown 
to correspond with the names of the Cuzco 
wards. Again, these names correspond very 
definitely with the names of the zodiacal signs 
upon the native star map of Salcamayhua. 
And finally the names of one or two of the 
wards can be identified directly with definitely 
known native constellations situated in the zo- 
diac. The nature of the evidence thus adduced 
is such as to indicate that the native Peruvians 
had made remarkable advance in astronomical 
knowledge in times long anterior to the arrival 
of the earliest Europeans known to history. 
R. S. WoopworTH, 
Secretary. 
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON. 
AT the 113th meeting, held at the Cosmos 
Club March 27, 1901, the discussion of geologi- 
cal units begun at the preceding meeting was 
continued by Professors H. S. Williams, C. R. 
Van Hise, T. C. Chamberlin, and others. 
At the 114th meeting, held April 3d, the fol- 
lowing communications were presented : 
The Priceite of Lone Ranch, Curry Co., Oregon: 
J. S. DILLER. 
This chalky borate of lime occurs rather ir- 
regularly upon and in a mass of serpentine, 
and is probably a hot-spring deposit. 
The Problem of the Archean: C. R. VAN HIsE. 
An historical review of the progress made in 
differentiating pre-Cambrian rocks, and a state- 
ment of the present basis of distinction between 
Archean and Algonkian. 
At the 115th meeting, held April 10, 1901, 
the program was as follows: 
