682 
stay in Berlin in order to carry out in 
Helmholtz’s laboratory an investigation 
which he had long contemplated. He re- 
turned to America in 1876, was made pro- 
fessor of physics at Johns Hopkins, and at 
once began his work. His influence was 
immediately felt not alone in the Univer- 
sity, but throughout the whole country ; 
and students came from both North and 
South to receive inspiration and guidance. 
As research after research, discovery after 
discovery, was made, honors came from 
both home and abroad ; his reputation and 
renown increased until in the whole coun- 
try there was no one whose influence in all 
fields of scientific study or application was 
so great. It was in Baltimore that nearly 
all his great work was done, and it was here 
that he died on the 16th of April. 
Professor Rowland was honored by being 
elected a member of many scientific bodies. 
He was Honorary Member of the Royal 
Society of London; Honorary Member of 
the Royal Society of Edinburgh ; Honorary 
Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, 
Berlin; Corresponding Member of the Royal 
Society of Gottingen ; Corresponding Mem- 
ber of the Academy of Sciences of Paris; 
Honorary Member of the Cambridge Philo- 
sophical Society ; Honorary Member of the 
Physical Society of London; Foreign Mem- 
ber of the Royal Swedish Academy of 
Stockholm ; Associate Fellow of the Ameri- 
can Academy of Arts and Sciences; Mem- 
ber of the National Academy of Sciences, 
and a member of nine other learned socie- 
ties. 
He was awarded the Rumford Medal by 
the American Academy in 1884, the Mat- 
teucci Medal in 1897, and received medals 
at the Exhibitions of Chicago and Paris. 
He received the honorary degrees of Ph.D. 
from Johns Hopkins in 1880 and of 
LL.D. from Yale in 1895 and Princeton in 
1896. He was made an officer of the 
Legion of Honor in 1896. 
SCIENCE. 
(N.S. Vou. XIII. No. 331. 
Even as a young man, Rowland was oc- 
cupied continually with problems and ques- 
tions pertaining to chemical and physical 
science; he had his own laboratory and 
workshop in which he performed experi- 
ments and constructed apparatus. Heread 
the works of Faraday and others and made 
their subject-matter thoroughly his own. 
His note-books kept when he was still a 
youth are full of most remarkable con- 
jectures as to the undiscovered truths of 
nature, of proposed experiments, of most 
discriminating and accurate observations, 
and of many interesting theoretical dis- 
cussions. It is to be earnestly hoped that 
the contents of these books will some day 
be published. j 
It is hardly necessary to give more than a 
summary of his most important researches. 
While at Troy he made those investigations 
on magnetic induction, permeability and 
distribution, which at once attracted the at- 
tention of Clerk-Maxwell. In Berlin he 
carried out his experiments on electric con- 
vection, which proved that an electrostatic 
charge carried ata high rate of speed has 
the same magnetic action as an electric 
current. (The results of this experiment 
have recently been called in question; but 
a repetition of the work during the past 
winter has confirmed them.) His first im- 
portant piece of work in Baltimore was the 
determination of the mechanical equivalent 
of heat, which necessitated more careful 
thermometrie and calorimetric methods 
than had ever been used before. He then 
became interested in questions dealing with 
electricity and, realizing the importance of 
accuracy in the measurement of electrical 
quantities, made a most careful determina- 
tion of the ohm. This work was repeated 
and extended later, at the request of the 
United States Government. 
The great problem of the connection 
between ether and matter was always be- 
fore him, and in the desire of adding some- 
