736 
ology) besides three laboratory hours. The 
laboratory work begins in identifying the 
various common plants, making drawings 
of each. In this work Gray’s ‘Manual’, or 
‘School and Field Botany,’ is often used, as 
we have no complete manual of Japanese 
botany. Next comes the gross and minute 
anatomy from the lower to the higher 
plants. Especial attention is paid to the 
various kinds of tissues, often referring to 
the comparative anatomy and development, 
together with some microchemical reactions 
of more common ceil-contents. In the 
third term especial attention is paid to fer- 
tilization, embryology and development. 
The fern and equisetwm are studied from 
the germination of the spore to the forma- 
tion of sexual organs on the prothallia. 
The fertilization of pine and gingko affords 
good objects for study. Cell-divisions are 
often studied with the root-tip of beans, 
pollen mother cells of Tradescantia, lilies, etc. 
In the second year three lectures on sys- 
tematic botany are given weekly and three 
laboratory hours are devoted to plant 
physiology throughout the year. Various 
experiments on carbon assimilation, respi- 
ration, transpiration, geotropism, heliotro- 
pism, rheotropism, hydrotropism, etc., are 
made. Growth is observed with various 
auxanometers and horizontal microscopes. 
Then micro-chemical studies of various im- 
portant cell-contents, including the inor- 
ganicsaltsaremade. Their distribution and 
the transformation within the plant bodies 
are then studied. Artificial pure cultures of 
various alge, fungi, bacteria and yeast are 
made, paying special attention to the nutri- 
ent value of various organic and inorganic 
compounds. Water cultures of the higher 
plants are also made. Chemotropism of 
the pollen tube, fungal hyphze and chemo- 
taxis of bacteria are carefully studied. 
Regeneration of the liverwort thallus and 
the dandelion root, nodal growth of Grami- 
nez are the other objects of study. Trades- 
SCIENCE. 
[N. S. Von. XIII. No. 332. 
cantia cell with its red-colored sap affords 
excellent material for studying the osmotic 
pressure in the cell. Isotonic coefficient of 
various organic and inorganic substances 
are determined according to the method of 
de Vries. In the third term, sometimes a 
special subject of study, being either orig- 
inal or a repetition of the previous work, is 
given to each student. 
In the third year the only required 
studies are: one hour’s lecture weekly on 
plant physiology during the first term, and 
one lecture and two laboratories on bacteri- 
ology during the second term. ‘The rest of 
the time is spent in the work of graduate 
theses. Subjects of theses are mostly physi- 
ological or anatomical. Following are the 
subjects of theses presented to the Univer- 
sity by the graduates in botany in the last 
three years : 
1898. 
T. Inui. ‘Anatomy and physiology of 
the gum-resin duct of lac-tree and the other 
species of Rhus.’ (English. ) 
1899. 
K. Shibata. ‘Contribution to the physi- 
ology and anatomy of bamboo.’ (German. ) 
N. Ono. ‘On the acceleration of growth 
in some alge and fungi by chemical stim- 
uli.’ (German.) 
H. Hattori. ‘Studies on the action of 
copper sulphate upon plants.’ (German. ) 
§. Kusano. ‘On the transpiration of 
evergreen trees during winter in middle 
Japan.’ (English.) 
K. Miyaké. ‘On the carbon assimila- 
tion of evergreen leaves in Tokyo and 
other parts of Japan during winter.’ (Eng- 
lish. ) 
1900. 
K. Saito. ‘Anatomical studies of Japa- 
nese fiber plants.’ (German. ) 
Y. Yabé. ‘A revision of the Umbellif- 
erze of Japan.’ (Latin.) 
The chief results of the above-mentioned 
