SCIENCE 
A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, PUBLISHING THE 
OFFICIAL NOTICES AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION 
FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. 
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE: S. NEwcomB, Mathematics; R. S. WoopwaRpD, Mechanics; E. C. PICKERING, 
Astronomy ; T. C. MENDENHALL, Physics ; R. H. THURSTON, Engineering ; IRA REMSEN, Chemistry ; 
JOSEPH LE ConTE, Geology ; W. M. Davis, Physiography ; HENRY F. OsBoRN, Paleontology ; 
W. K. Brooks, C. HART MERRIAM, Zoology ; S. H. ScuppER, Entomology ; C. E. BEssEy, 
N. L. Brirron, Botany; C. S. Minot, Embryology, Histology; H. P. Bowpitcn, 
Physiology; J. S. BILLINGS, 
Hygiene ; 
WILLIAM H. WELCH, Pathology ; 
J. McKEEN CATTELL, Psychology ; J. W. PowELL, Anthropology. 
Fripay, JuNE 7, 1901. 
CONTENTS: 
Francois Marie Raoult: PROFESSOR H. C. JONES. 881 
Charles Hermite : JUAN J. DURAN-LORIGA....... 883 
The Extra-Nuptial Nectaries in the Common Brake, 
Pleridium aquilinum: PROFESSOR FRANCIS E. 
ILILONZD) ceaccososgaccoosb090. oos2ags0 sosasuaOSBoas050a8459000 885 
The British National Antarctie Expedition: PRo- 
FESSOR EDWARD B. POULTON........ .........++- 890 
First Report of the Limnological Conmission of the 
American Microscopical Society : PROFESSOR A. 
E. Brrek, PRoressor C. H. EIGENMANN, 
PROFESSOR C. A. KoFrorIp, Dr. G. C. WHIP- 
PLE, PROFESSOR H. B. WARD...........-20005 «0 897 
North Carolina Section of the American Chemical 
Society : DR. C. B. WILLIAMS................2..068 899 
The Americar Association for the Advancement of 
SXGBCPoorcooncoeese30000 20009600000508 acocncencascxe0sa0000 902 
Scientific Books :— g 
Ward cn the Mesozoie Flora of the United States : 
PROFESSOR D. P. PENHALLOW. Kent's Steam- 
boiler Economy : PROFESSOR R. H. THURSTON. 
Dodge’s Reader in Physical Geography: DR. J. 
PAUL GOODE. Air, Water and Food : PROFESS- 
OR WILLIAM P. MASON. Books Received....... 904 
Scientific Journals and Articles..............-+s.0es00++ 908 
Societies and Academies :— . 
Biological Society of Washington: F. A. LUCAS. 
Chemical Society of Washington: DR. L. 8. 
Munson.- Torrey Botanical Club: PROFESSOR 
E. S. BureEss. The Onondaga Academy of 
Sciences: DR. PHILIP F. SCHNEIDER............. 909 
Discussion and Correspondence :— 
The Larynx as an Instrument of Music: PROFESS- 
oR E. W. SCRIPTURE. Physiology in the Schools : 
PROFESSOR THEODORE HOUGH........1..0...2-0025 913 
Shorter Articles :— : 
The General Equations of Rotation of a Rigid 
Body: PROFESSOR C. BARuS. On a Crinoidal 
Horizon in the Upper Carboniferous: Dr. 
CHARLES R. KEYES. The Process of Freezing 
in Plants: JAMES B. DANDENO..............-...-.. 914 
The American Mathematical Society... 917 
Scientific Notes and News......-...-.- 917 
University and Educational News .......1.+.0c0seceeeeeee 920 
MSS. intended for publication and books, ete., intended 
for review should be sent to the responsible editor, Pro- 
fessor J. McKeen Cattell, Garrison-on-Hudson, N. Y. 
FRANCOIS MARIE RAOULT. 
THE death of Raoult, on April 1, 1901, 
removes from France one of her most bril- 
liant investigators. Raoult was born at 
Fournes (Nord) on May 10, 1830, and was, 
therefore, nearly seventy-one years old 
when he died. After finishing his academic 
training in Paris, he began his career as a 
teacher in the Lycée at Reims at the age of 
twenty-three. In 1870 he was called to 
the chair of chemistry at Grenoble. In 
1889 he was elected dean of the Faculty 
of Sciences in Grenoble—a position which 
he held until his death. 
The earlier work of Raoult was devoted to 
problems of a purely physical nature. His 
thesis, presented for the degree of Doctor of 
Science was on ‘The Hlectromotive Force 
of Voltaic Cells,’ and much of his earlier 
work had to do with the phenomena con- 
nected with electrolysis. 
His most important work, however, and 
that with which his name will always be 
connected, was done after 1870, while at 
Grenobie. When Raoult took up the study 
of the lowering of the freezing-point and of 
the vapor-tension of solvents by dissolved 
substances, our knowledge of these phe- 
nomena was hardly more than qualitative. 
A few regularities had been pointed out by 
Blagden, Coppet, Willner, Emden, Rudorff 
and others, but scarcely any generalization 
worthy of the name had been reached. 
