156 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. hi. No. 57. 



Archaeology. In practice, Historical Arch- 

 aeology is usually assigned to the latter, 

 and Prehistoric Archaeology to the former. 

 This is partly because Historic Museums, 

 which are usually national in scope and 

 supported on documentary evidence, treat 

 the prehistoric races as extralimital ; partly 

 because prehistoric material is studied to 

 best advantage through the natural history 

 methods in use among anthropologists but 

 not among historical students. 



[Ethuographic Museums were proposed more 

 than half a century ago by the French geogra- 

 pher Jomard, and the idea was first carried into 

 effect about 1840 in the establishment of the 

 Danish Ethnographical Museum. In Germany 

 there are Anthropological Museums, in Berlin, 

 Dresden and Munich, and the Museum fiir V61- 

 kerkunde in Leipsic ; in Austria, the Court and 

 the Oriental Museums in Vienna ; in Holland, 

 the National Ethnographical Museum in Ley- 

 den, and smaller ones in Amsterdam, Rotterdam 

 and at The Hague ; in France, the Trocadero ; 

 in Italy, the important Prehistoric and Ethno- 

 graphic Museums in Rome and Florence ; in 

 Spain, the Phillippine Collections in the Museo 

 de Ultramar in Madrid ; and in Hawaii, the 

 Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, at Honolulu. 



In England less attention has been given to 

 the subject than elsewhere in Europe, the 

 Christy Collection in the British Museum, the 

 Pitt-Rivers Collection at Oxford and the Black- 

 more Museum at Salisbury being the most im- 

 portant ones specially devoted to ethnography. 

 In the United States, the Peabody Museum of 

 Archseology in Cambridge, the collections in the 

 Peabody Academy of Sciences at Salem, and 

 the American Museum of Natural History in 

 New York are arranged ethnographically, while 

 the ethnological collections in the National 

 Museum in Washington are classified on a 

 double system, one with regard to race, the 

 other, like the Pitt-Rivers Collection, intended 

 to show the evolution or development of culture 

 and civilization without regard to race. This 

 broader plan admits much material excluded by 

 the advocates of ethnographic museums, who 

 devote their attention almost exclusively to the 

 primitive or non-European peoples. 



Closely related to the ethnographic museum 

 are others devoted to some special field, such as 

 the Musee Guimet in Paris, which is intended 

 to illustrate the history of relisious ceremonials 

 among all races of men, a field also occupied by 

 one department of the National Museum in 

 Washington. Other good examples of this class- 

 are some of those in Paris, such as the Musee 

 de Marine, which shows not only the develop- 

 ment of the merchant and naval marines of the 

 country, but also, by trophies and other histori- 

 cal souvenirs, the history of the naval battles of 

 the Nation ; and the Musee d'Artillerie, which 

 has a rival in Madrid. 



Of musical Museums, perhaps the most im- 

 portant are Clepisson's Musee Instrumental in 

 Paris ; that in Brussels and that in the National 

 Museum at Washington. The collection of 

 musical instruments at South Kensington has 

 had its contents selected chiefly with reference 

 to their suggestiveness in decorative art. 



The Theatrical Museum at the Academie 

 Frangais in Paris, the Museum of Journalism at 

 Antwerp, the Museums of Pedagogy in Paris 

 and St. Petersburg, are professional rather than 

 scientific or educational, as are also the Museum, 

 of Practical Fish Culture at South Kensington, 

 the Monetary Museum at the Paris Mint, the 

 Museums of Hygiene in London and Wash- 

 ington and the United States Army Medical 

 Museum. 



The value of archseological collections, both 

 historic and prehistoric has long been under- 

 stood. The Museums of London, Paris, Berlin, 

 Copenhagen and Rome need no comment. In 

 the Peabody Museum in Cambridge, the Ameri- 

 can Museum in New York, the Museum of the 

 University of Pennsylvania and the National 

 Museum in Washington are immense collections 

 of the remains of prehistoric man in America.] 

 D. Natural History Museums. 



1. The Museum of Natural History is the 

 depository for objects which illustrate the 

 forces and phenomena of nature — the 

 named units included within the three 

 kingdoms, animal, vegetable and mineral,. 

 — and whatever illustrates their origin in 

 time (or phylogeny) , their individual origin, 

 develoximent, growth, function, structure,. 



