jANTJiCEY 31, 1896.] 



SCIENCE. 



157 



and geographical distribution, past and pre- 

 sent ; also their relation to each other, and 

 their influence upon the structure of the 

 earth and the phenomena observed upon it! 



2. Museums of Natural History and An- 

 thropology meet on common ground in Man. 

 In practice the former usually treats of 

 man in his relations to other animals, the 

 latter of man in his relations to other men. 



[In most national capitals, there are general 

 museums of natural history, in which collections 

 representing the three kingdoms of nature are 

 included in one group. Among the oldest and 

 most prominent types of this class are the British 

 Museum of Natural History in South Kensing- 

 ton and the Musee d'Histoire Naturelle in 

 Paris, and there are numerous others in the 

 great cities of both hemispheres. 



Among specialized natural history collections, 

 a good type is the Museum of Comparative 

 Zoology in Cambridge, Mass., founded by Agas- 

 siz to illustrate the history of Creation, as far as 

 the present state of knowledge reveals the his- 

 tory, which was in 1887 pronounced by Alfred 

 Russell Wallace to be far in advance of similar 

 institutions in Europe, whether as regards the 

 general public, the private student or the 

 specialist. 



Next in order after the Zoological Sections 

 of the Museums in London and Paris, stand 

 those of the Imperial Cabinet in Vienna ; those 

 in Berlin, Leyden, Copenhagen, Christiania, 

 Brussels and Florence, and the La Plata Museum 

 in Argentina, so rich in paleontological material. 



The best type of the Botanical Museum is 

 perhaps the Royal Garden at Kew, with its 

 colossal herbarium and its special museum of 

 economic botany, both standing in the midst of 

 a great botanic garden. The Royal Botanical 

 Museum in Berlin and the herbaria of the Im- 

 perial Botanical Garden in St. Petersburg are 

 other examples. 



Of specialized Geological Museums, the Im- 

 perial Cabinet in Vienna is a good type. The 

 Museum of Practical Geology in London, found- 

 ed to exhibit the collections of the Survey of 

 the United Kingdom, and also in order to show 

 the applications of geology to the useful pro- 

 cesses of life, is another type of the same class. 



The Department of Economic Geology in the 

 Field Columbian Museum of Chicago, an out- 

 growth of the Exposition of 1893, represents 

 this idea in the new world. 



Besides the great special museums, there are 

 the museums of local natural history, intended 

 to show the natural history of a special region, 

 or, it may be, to illustrate its resources in some 

 restricted branch. 



The Royal Museum of Vertebrates in Flor- 

 ence, devoted to the vertebrate fauna of Italy, 

 is a type of this class, and many local museums 

 are so prominent in some special field (such as 

 ornithology or entomology) that their other 

 activities attract little attention.] 



E. Technological or Industrial Museums. 



1. The Museum of Technology or Indus- 

 trial Museum is devoted to the industrial 

 arts and manufactures, including: 



1. Materials and their sources. 



2. Tools and machinery. 



3. Methods and processes. 



4. Products and results. 



5. Waste products and undeveloped resources. 

 The interests here treated are thus classi- 

 fied: 



1. Primary or exploitative industries (as Ag- 

 riculture, Mining or the Fisheries.) 



2. Secondary or elaborative industries (as the 

 Textile industries, the Ceramic Industries). 



3. Auxiliary industries (as Transportation). 



4. Technical professions (as Engineering, 

 War, Medicine, Engraving). 



The final product of one industry (pri- 

 mary or secondary) may become a material 

 or tool in another art industry or handi- 

 craft. 



2. Technological Museums come into con- 

 tact with others, as follows : 



With the natural history museum in respect 



to primary materials. 

 With the anthropological museum in the 

 matter of tools and processes, especially 

 if historical and retrospective collections 

 are undertaken. 

 With the art museum in regard to certain 

 products in which a high degree of 

 aesthetic merit has been attained. 



