Febkuaey 21, 1896.] 



SCIENCE. 



267 



at last in the minds of careless thinkers to 

 mean something more than extension, an 

 unknown and unknowable thing that, like 

 essence, belongs to the unknown and un- 

 knowable substrate of matter. The word is 

 useful when its use is understood as a pro- 

 noun or general word whose meaning is 

 given by the context. 



Force is the pronoun for combinations of 

 motion. It thus may be applied to numer- 

 ous things now existing, or which have ex- 

 isted in the past or may exist in the future. 

 It is the general word for all collisions and 

 all combinations of collisions; collisions of 

 particles of ether in light and heat, col- 

 lisions of particles of air in sound, collisions 

 of particles of water in stress, collisions of 

 particles of matter in all solids exhibited in 

 tihe structure and strength of those materi- 

 als. It thus stands for the action of two or 

 more bodies as they come in collision, and 

 thus influence each other's motions. It is 

 not an occult, unknown or unknowable 

 something which belongs to an occult, un- 

 known and unknowable substrate. The 

 term has no particular or determined mean- 

 ing in itself, but derives its meaning from the 

 context. It is a word of universal use, 

 ■whose meaning must be determined by its 

 application; it is the general term or pro- 

 noun to denote any or all actions and re- 

 actions. 



Time is the pronoun of all durations. It 

 means any duration to which the term is 

 applied, all durations or any collocation 

 of durations the mind may entertain . When 

 reified it comes to be thought of as apply- 

 ing to an existence independent of the things 

 which have duration. Then time, like es- 

 sence, space and force, becomes a property 

 of the substrate of matter, an illusion about 

 an illusion. 



GHOST. 



Spirit is a general term or pronoun for all 

 judgments in the infinite variety of sensa- 

 tions, perceptions, understandings, accep- 

 tions and reflections. It is a name for all 

 ideation. It is known to us only in its as- 

 sociation or connection with the universal 

 constituents of matter, which are number, 

 extension , motion and duration . There is no 

 spirit which is not a unity of many and one. 

 There is no spirit which has not force. There 

 is no spirit which has not duration ; in so far 

 all are agreed ; and it is here affirmed that 

 there is no spirit which has not extension, 

 for without extension all the other constitu- 

 ents would vanish, become nothing, ab- 

 solutely unimaginable or unthinkable. 

 When spirit is considered to be some- 

 thing which is not number or many in one, 

 which has not extension with figure and 

 structure without force, or the power of ac- 

 tion and reaction and without duration as 

 persistence or persistence and change, that 

 is, without time, it becomes a nonentity, a 

 nothing, and it is then an illusion and is 

 usually called ghost. 



CAUSE. 



We use the word cause as we use the 

 words fMs and that, as a general term or pro- 

 noun for anything that stands in relation to 

 any other thing in the production of a 

 change. The multitudinous bodies and 

 particles of the universe cooperate with one 

 another in the production of changes. The 

 condition before a particular change is con- 

 sidered in respect to the condition after the 

 change, and the condition which cooperated 

 in the production of the change, is called a 

 cause, and the condition after the change is 

 called an eflect. It is thus that the term 

 cause may be applied to any body, to any 

 property, or to any relation; it is a term for 

 any of these things, any collocation of these 

 things or any part of these things, and just 

 what its meaning may be can be discovered 



