268 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. hi. No. 60. 



only by the context in which the word is 

 used. In the multitude of bodies, proper- 

 ties and relations which cooperate in the 

 production of the change whose result is 

 called an effect, we may stop to consider 

 any one and call that the cause. Failing 

 to appreciate the variable significance of 

 the word, men are led into the illusion that 

 there is some entity, some separate fexist- 

 ence called cause. 



Metaphorically, essence is sometimes used 

 for space, sometimes for force, sometimes 

 for time, sometimes for spirit, and some- 

 times for cause, and interchangeably all of 

 these terms may be used as metaphors for 

 one another. 



Thus it is that we have a family of 

 chimeras in substrate, essence, space, force, 

 time, ghost and cause that are not bodies 

 or the properties of bodies, but things non- 

 existent — mysteries that are at the founda- 

 tion of all philosophies of the unknowable 

 and all philosophies of the contradictory, 

 and the ground of all antinomies. They 

 constitute the substrate, the essence, the 

 space, the time, the cause of the philoso- 

 phies of the three wise men, Chuar, Hegel 

 and Spencer. 



We shall hereafter see more clearly how 

 these illusions have been developed and 

 how other illusions have gathered about 

 them. Here we simply call attention to 

 the fundamental illusions to indicate some- 

 what the purposes of this argument. 



It is within the experience of every 

 human being, and has been through all 

 generations, that man is forever discover- 

 ing number, extension, motion, duration 

 and judgment. He learns something of 

 number in infancy and adds to his knowl- 

 edge daily and extends Ms knowledge to an 

 indefinite multiplicity. He adds to his 

 knowledge the extension of one body and 

 another still embodied in a higher order ; 

 and thus his knowledge of extension in- 

 creases to an indefinite extent. He is for- 



ever discovering new motions and new 

 combinations of motions as forces and finds, 

 that he is able thus to add more and more 

 of like motions and forces to his knowledge. 

 Ever he is discovering durations - the dura- 

 tions of coexistent things and the durations 

 of past things, extending to high antiquitj', 

 and he prophesies durations to come, and 

 many do come, until his mind is led into- 

 the illimitable future. Mind is then trained 

 by constant experience to expect a further 

 enlargement of knowledge and to consider 

 the possibilities into which it may expand, 

 until it dwells upon endless number, end- 

 less extension, endless force, endless dura- 

 tion. Man contemplates multiples and 

 submultiples of the things of which he al- 

 ready has knowledge, and then invents im- 

 plements of research by which submul- 

 tiples are discovered, and other implements- 

 by which multiples in higher orders are 

 discovered. Finding that he has explored 

 but a small part of the universe, and that 

 within the universe wherever bodies are to 

 be met they have been resolved into num- 

 bers, extensions, motions and durations, he 

 grasps the idea of infinity not as something 

 other than that of which he knows, but as 

 more of that which he best knows. The 

 experience of men through countless gener- 

 ations has organized the concepts of num- 

 ber, extension, motion and duration as the 

 universal factors of matter, and never has 

 any mind discovered any other things sav- 

 ing only those which are included in the 

 terms of mind. Of matter without mind, 

 man has absolutely no vestige of knowledge 

 which is not included under the terms num- 

 ber, extension, motion and duration. These- 

 terms absorb them all. Therefore matter is 

 number, extension, motion and duration, 

 and at least some matter has judgment. 



The mind discovers another factor or cate- 

 gory in the universe — judgment, which de- 

 velops into cognition of the constituents of 

 matter, of their relations, and also a cogni- 



