116 DR. C. F. SONNTAG ON THE ANATOMY 



the point where the lateral rows of papillae would meet the mid 

 line if produced backwards and inwards ; the pharyngeal or 

 glandular part stretches from that point to the glosso-epiglottic 

 fold. Sometimes the smooth mucous fold from the tongvie to 

 the epiglottis is regarded as a third zone (Owen) *. 



The relative proportions which these two divisions bear to one 

 another differs, but the former is always the larger. Of all the 

 tongues which I examined, the greatest disparity between them 

 existed in the Indian Fruit Bat, in which the oral part measured 

 4"7 cm., whereas the pharyngeal part was only '4 em. long. 



The Apex. 



The apex may be round, flat, or pointed, and it may be entire 

 or notched, the latter being small, nai-row and deep, or wide and 

 shallow. It always bears papillee, but these are not always 

 visible to the naked eye. In the Red-fronted Lemur, the 

 papillae are conical and connected to a brush-like set of fine 

 ridges on the inferior surface. In the Oalifornian Sea-Lion, the 

 long conical papillae lining the broad apical notch are very 

 noticeable. In the Tantalus Cercopitheque, the apex is closely 

 set with prominent fungiform papillae. 



Text-fia'ure 60 



INO/AN ABySSINWhf 



FRUIT BAT ClRCOPITHEgUE 



CALIFORNIflN BROW.V rANTALUS CALEOPITHECLS 



.9. -J HON LEMUR CERCOPIWfpue 



Tlie different forms exhibited by tbe ajTex of the ton^ie. Note also the median fissure 

 taking the form of a line of separation between two lateral masses of conical 

 papillas in the Californian Sea- Lion. 



In Gcdeopithecus., and some of the Oetacea, the apex is lobu- 

 lated, and the lobules are fine in the former, but large and 

 prominent in the latter. From the notches between the lobules 

 in Galeopilhecus, fine fissures pass backwards and inwai'ds across 

 the inferior surface of the tongue. Such an arrangement is of 

 value for cleaning the posterior surface of the incisor teeth. 

 It is difiacult to discover the function of the large lobules on the 

 tongues of the Cetacea, however. 



In some tongues — e. g., the Capromys — the apex bears numerous 

 follicular apertures. 



When the tongue is protruded in most animals the apex is 

 seen, but the Elephant's apex is bound down to the floor of the 



* Sir Richard Owen, 'Tlie Comparative Anatomy of the Vcrtobrata,' vol. iii. 

 p. 201. 



