OF THE TONGUES OF THE MAMMALIA. 123 



posterioi' part of the lateral part, they are in oblique chains 

 passing forwards and outwards parallel to the rows of vallate 

 papillse. Those in the middle of the dorsum, in front of the 

 vallate papillary zone, are arranged in clusters as in Man, the 

 Macque Monkeys, and some of tiie Lemurs and Marmosets. In 

 the White collared Mangabey, a V-shaped band of fungiform 

 papillae meets with the latei'al oi'gans on each side, and pai'titions 

 off the oral division of the dorsum from the pharyngeal part 

 (text-fig. 13). 



On the lateral borders of the tongue, the papillae are arranged 

 in a chain, and they may be prominent or insignificant. On the 

 inferior surface they may either have no definite arrangement, 

 or they may be disposed in rows, of which the inner one is of 

 large, and tlie outer one of small elements. 



Text-fisure 13. 



MACAQfi£S MANGABEY 



The arrangement of the fungiform papillae. 



The fungiform papillae may be covered with secondary ones 

 and possess taste buds. The histology will be described in the 

 future papers of this series. 



The Conical Pajnllce. 



The conical papillae are the most numerous, and they vary 

 more than any other group in distribution, size, and form. 



In some of the Primates they are restricted to the oral part 

 of the dorsum, but in most animals they are on both oral and 

 pharyngeal parts. When they are present on the pharyngeal 

 part, they are more discrete than those on the oral division. 

 Moreover, the character of the papillae on the two parts maj^ be 

 so diflferent that the tongue can at once be referred to the family 

 to which the animal belongs. In the Felidae, for example, the 

 large recurved conical papillae on the oral part of the dorsum are 

 pathognomonic, but the Canidae have small and medium-sized 

 papillae on the oral part, and long and shaggy ones on the 

 pharyngeal part. 



Arrangement. — In most animals the papillae are aggregated 

 into clusters behind the apex ; they are disposed in transverse 

 rows in the middle third of the dorsum and in oblique rows in 

 the posterior third. They are, therefore, disposed in the same 

 manner as the fungiform papilla^ but they are dotted over the 

 whole of the dorsum. 



