124 DR. C. F. SONNTAG OX THE ANATOMY 



There are exceptions to the above arrangement, however : in 

 the Indian Fruit Bat the arrangement in transverse rows is 

 maintained right up to the apex, and in the Stoat there are no 

 transverse rows at all : they are oblique almost to the apex, and 

 there is a small cluster of papillte behind it. In the Abyssinian 

 Gercopitheque the papillea are closely set and not arranged in 

 rows at all. These various forms are shown in text-fig. 14. 



Size. — The papillse behind the apex are small in size, and 

 their true character can only be made out after magnification. 

 As a general rule they increase in size from before backwards, 

 and the central members of the rows are larger than the lateral 

 ones. In some of the Felidse, and in the Indian Fruit Bat, there 

 is a central area with large papillae, and a bounding zone con- 

 taining small ones. In some animals there is a marginal fringe 

 of long hair-like conical papillae. 



Text-figure 14. 



COMMON TYPE STOAT BAT 



The arrangement of the conical papillae. 



The papillse are cornified to a variable extent and confer a 

 rough feeling on the dorsum. In the Felidse, the roughness is so 

 marked that the sharp cornified papillse stick into the examining 

 finger like so many pins ; this arrangement must be of the 

 greatest value for removing flesh from bones. The roughness 

 may vary in different species of the same genus. No contrast 

 could be greater, for example, than that which exists between the 

 tongues of the Abyssinian and Freuss's Gercopitheque. In the 

 latter the tongue is comparatively smooth, but in the former it is 

 very rough, and, when it is examined with the hand lens, the 

 conical papilke look like a field of long grass. 



The shape and size of the papillse, and the number of points, 

 exhibit many variations, but very few types are characteristic of 

 any order. The difi'erent kinds can be arranged in groups, but 

 there are transitional forms linking them together. 



In the first, or filiform group (text-fig. 15, nos. 1-4), the 

 papilla is long and coarse, or fine, and a cluster may arise from a 

 single point. Sometimes the papilla gives ofT a bundle of hairs 

 from its trunk, or, as in some of the Marsupialia, they come off 

 in the form of a ring. These were called coronate papillce. by 

 Poulton. The filiform group is linked to the cylindrical (text- 



