July 6, 1906.] 



SCIENCE. 



7 



important application of bacteriology to 

 the prevention of disease by the introduc- 

 tion of the principles of antiseptic surgery, 

 whereby untold thousands of human lives 

 have been saved. 



In 1880, came the most momentous of 

 Pasteur's contributions to medical science 

 and art in the introduction of the method 

 of active immunization by the use of the 

 living parasites of the disease attenuated 

 in virulence, a method which until this 

 date had remained without further appli- 

 cation since its employment by Edward 

 Jenner in 1796 in vaccinating against 

 smallpox. Pasteur's researches in this 

 field of immunity, marvelous in their orig- 

 inality, ingenuity and fertility of resource, 

 culminated in 1885 in the announcement 

 of his successful method of protective in- 

 oculation against that dread disease, rabies, 

 and most of those here present will recall 

 the enthusiasm with which this great 

 triumph of experimental medicine was 

 liailed throughout the civilized world. 



It was under the immediate impression 

 and the incentive of this discovery, and 

 as a mark of gratitude to Pasteur, that 

 over two and one half million francs were 

 raised within a short time by international 

 subscription for the construction and en- 

 dowment of an institute to bear his name, 

 where the Pasteur treatment was to be 

 carried out and ample facilities afforded 

 for investigations of microorganisms and 

 the problems of infectious diseases. This 

 model institute, much enlarged since its 

 foundation and after the death of Pasteur 

 under the directorship, first of Duclaux, 

 and now of Roux, and in one of its most 

 important divisions, of Metchnikoff, has 

 been a fruitful center of productive research 

 and through its contributions to knowledge 

 affords a signal illustration of the benefits 

 to science and to humanity of the endow- 

 ment of laboratories for the advancement 

 of medical science. 



It was under much the same influences 

 that the important Imperial Institute for 

 Experimental Medicine in St. Petersburg, 

 with even wider scope than the Pasteur In- 

 stitute, was founded and munificently en- 

 dowed by Prince Alexander of Oldenburg 

 in 1890. 



In the following year the Prussian gov- 

 ernment established in Berlin, under the 

 directorship of Professor Koch, the ad- 

 mirably organized and equipped Institute 

 for Infectious Diseases, to which is at- 

 tached, as to the Pasteur Institute, a hos- 

 pital for infectious diseases. This and the 

 excellent Institute for Experimental Thera- 

 peutics, in Frankfort, under Professor 

 Ehrlich's direction, founded also by the 

 Prussian government in 1896, are unsur- 

 passed in their scientific activities and in 

 the number and value of their contribu- 

 tions to our knowledge of infection and 

 immunity. 



In 1891, was founded in London the 

 British, later the Jenner, and now the 

 Lister, Institute of Preventive Medicine, 

 designed to be a national institute similar 

 in character and purpose to the Institut 

 Pasteur, in Paris. The funds were con- 

 tributed by the public, and subsequently 

 increased by Lord Iveagh's generous gift 

 of two hundred and fifty thousand pounds. 



Within less than a year after the founda- 

 tion of the Rockefeller Institute for Med- 

 ical Research, the Memorial Institute for 

 Infectious Diseases was founded in Chi- 

 cago, by Mr. and Mrs. Harold F. McCor- 

 mick, and placed under the capable direc- 

 tion of Professor Hektoen. 



The Institute for the Study, Treatment 

 and Prevention of Tuberculosis, which 

 bears the name of its beneficent founder, 

 Henry Phipps, was incorporated in Phila- 

 delphia in 1903, and, while devoted to a 

 single disease, it must be ranked among 

 those of wide scope, when we consider the 

 magnitude and surpassing importance of 



